The Role of Imaging in Predicting the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Abstract

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a chronic debilitating disease with a significant negative societal impact, despite the expanding landscape of treatment options. This condition is often preceded by a phase of systemic autoimmunity with circulating autoantibodies, elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines, or subtle structural changes. The capability of identifying individuals in the preclinical phase of RA disease makes a "preventive window of opportunity" possible. Much recent work has focused on the role of imaging modalities including ultrasound (US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and high-resolution peripheral quantitative computer tomography (HR-pQCT) in identifying at-risk individuals with or without early joint symptoms for the development of inflammatory arthritis. This article will review the evidence and discuss the challenges as well as opportunities of proactive risk assessment by imaging in RA.

Keywords: high-resolution peripheral quantitative computer tomography; magnetic resonance imaging; rheumatoid arthritis; ultrasound.

Figure 1

Example of erosion identification and quantification on HR-pQCT. (A) Identifying erosion in the axial, sagittal, and coronal planes; (B) Example of segmentation of remaining bone; and (C) Erosion area quantified. HR-pQCT, high-resolution peripheral quantitative computer tomography.