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Multicenter Study
. 2023 Apr;165(4):975-981.
doi: 10.1007/s00701-022-05433-1. Epub 2022 Dec 7.

External validation of the Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation Grading Scale (RAGS) in a multicenter adult cohort

Lukasz Antkowiak  1 , Marta Rogalska  2 , Piotr Stogowski  3 , Placido Bruzzaniti  4   5 , Pietro Familiari  5 , Magdalena Rybaczek  6 , Tomasz Klepinowski  7 , Weronika Grzyb  7 , Mikolaj Zimny  8 , Mateusz Weclewicz  3 , Anna Kasperczuk  9 , Wojciech Kloc  3   10 , Adam Rudnik  8 , Leszek Sagan  7 , Tomasz Lyson  6 , Zenon Mariak  6 , Antonio Santoro  5 , Marek Mandera  11
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

External validation of the Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation Grading Scale (RAGS) in a multicenter adult cohort

Lukasz Antkowiak et al. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023 Apr.

Abstract

Purpose: While Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation Grading Scale (RAGS) has recently been validated in children, the literature lacks validation on adults exclusively. Therefore, we aimed to determine the validity of RAGS on the external multicenter adult cohort and compare its accuracy with other scales.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed in five neurosurgical departments to extract patients who presented with the first episode of acute brain arteriovenous malformation (bAVM) rupture between 2012 and 2019. Standard logistic regression and area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) calculations were performed to determine the value of the following scales: intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), AVM-associated ICH (AVICH), Spetzler-Martin (SM), Supplemented SM (Supp-SM), Hunt and Hess (HH), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), World Federation of Neurological Surgeons (WFNS), and RAGS to predict change in categorical and dichotomized modified Rankin Scale (mRS) across three follow-up periods: within the 6 months, 6 months to 1 year, and above 1 year.

Results: Sixty-one individuals with a mean age of 43.6 years were included. The RAGS outperformed other grading scales during all follow-up time frames. It showed AUROC of 0.78, 0.74, and 0.71 at the first 6 months, between 6 and 12 months, and after 12 months of follow-up, respectively, when categorized mRS was applied, while corresponding values were 0.79, 0.76, and 0.73 for dichotomized mRS, respectively.

Conclusion: The RAGS constitutes a reliable scale predicting clinical outcomes following bAVM rupture among adults. Furthermore, the RAGS proved its generalizability across medical centers with varying treatment preferences.

Keywords: AVM rupture; Brain arteriovenous malformations; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Prognosis; Vascular malformations.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The Ruptured Arteriovenous Malformation Grading Scale (RAGS) score distribution within the study cohort
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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