Meta-Analysis

. 2023 Mar;28(3):1201-1209.

doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01897-w. Epub 2022 Dec 9.

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Constantinos Constantinides¹, Laura K M Han^{2

3

4}, Clara Alloza^{5

6}, Linda Antonella Antonucci^{7

8}, Celso Arango^{5

6}, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola^{6

9}, Nerisa Banaj¹⁰, Alessandro Bertolino⁷, Stefan Borgwardt^{11

12}, Jason Bruggemann^{13

14}, Juan Bustillo¹⁵, Oleg Bykhovski^{16

17}, Vince Calhoun¹⁸, Vaughan Carr^{13

14

19}, Stanley Catts²⁰, Young-Chul Chung^{21

22

23}, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro^{6

24}, Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja^{5

6}, Gary Donohoe²⁵, Stefan Du Plessis^{26

27}, Jesse Edmond²⁸, Stefan Ehrlich²⁹, Robin Emsley²⁶, Lisa T Eyler^{30

31}, Paola Fuentes-Claramonte^{6

32}, Foivos Georgiadis³³, Melissa Green^{13

14}, Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza^{32

34}, Minji Ha³⁵, Tim Hahn³⁶, Frans A Henskens^{37

38

39}, Laurena Holleran²⁵, Stephanie Homan^{40

41}, Philipp Homan⁴⁰, Neda Jahanshad⁴², Joost Janssen^{5

6}, Ellen Ji⁴⁰, Stefan Kaiser⁴³, Vasily Kaleda⁴⁴, Minah Kim^{45

46}, Woo-Sung Kim^{21

23}, Matthias Kirschner^{33

43

47}, Peter Kochunov⁴⁸, Yoo Bin Kwak³⁵, Jun Soo Kwon^{35

45

46}, Irina Lebedeva⁴⁴, Jingyu Liu^{49

50}, Patricia Mitchie^{39

51}, Stijn Michielse⁵², David Mothersill^{25

53}, Bryan Mowry^{54

55}, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz^{6

9}, Christos Pantelis^{56

57}, Giulio Pergola⁷, Fabrizio Piras¹⁰, Edith Pomarol-Clotet^{6

32}, Adrian Preda⁵⁸, Yann Quidé^{13

14

59}, Paul E Rasser^{39

60}, Kelly Rootes-Murdy^{18

28}, Raymond Salvador^{6

32}, Marina Sangiuliano⁷, Salvador Sarró^{6

32}, Ulrich Schall^{39

60}, André Schmidt¹¹, Rodney J Scott⁶¹, Pierluigi Selvaggi^{7

62}, Kang Sim^{63

64

65}, Antonin Skoch^{66

67}, Gianfranco Spalletta^{10

68}, Filip Spaniel^{66

69}, Sophia I Thomopoulos⁴², David Tomecek^{66

70

71}, Alexander S Tomyshev⁴⁴, Diana Tordesillas-Gutiérrez^{72

73}, Therese van Amelsvoort⁷⁴, Javier Vázquez-Bourgon^{6

9}, Daniela Vecchio¹⁰, Aristotle Voineskos^{75

76}, Cynthia S Weickert^{13

14

77}, Thomas Weickert^{13

14

77}, Paul M Thompson⁴², Lianne Schmaal^{2

3}, Theo G M van Erp^{78

79}, Jessica Turner^{28

50}, James H Cole^{80

81}; ENIGMA Schizophrenia Consortium; Danai Dima^#^{62

82}, Esther Walton^#⁸³

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

ENIGMA Schizophrenia Consortium:
Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Stefan Du Plessis, Yoo Bin Kwak, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz, Therese van Amelsvoort, Theo G M van Erp

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
² Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³ Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
⁶ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
⁷ Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität-Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹² Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
¹³ School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁷ Division of Addiction Medicine, Centre Hospitalier des Quatre Villes, St. Cloud, France.
¹⁸ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
²⁰ School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
²² Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
²³ Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
²⁴ Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, IBiS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
²⁵ Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁷ Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁸ Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁹ Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
³¹ Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
³² FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
³³ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁴ Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
³⁵ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
³⁶ Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
³⁷ School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
³⁸ Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
³⁹ Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁰ Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴¹ Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴² Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
⁴³ Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁴⁴ Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁴⁶ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
⁴⁷ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁸ Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵⁰ Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵¹ School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
⁵² Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁵⁴ Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁵ The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁶ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁷ Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁶⁰ Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁶¹ School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁶² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶³ West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁴ Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁵ Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁶ National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
⁶⁷ MR unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁹ Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷⁰ Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷¹ Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷² Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
⁷³ Advanced Computation and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria CSIC, Santander, Spain.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁷⁷ Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
⁷⁸ Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷⁹ Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁸⁰ Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
⁸¹ Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
⁸² Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
⁸³ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK. E.Walton@bath.ac.uk.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36494461
PMCID: PMC10005935
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01897-w

Meta-Analysis

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Constantinos Constantinides et al. Mol Psychiatry. 2023 Mar.

. 2023 Mar;28(3):1201-1209.

doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01897-w. Epub 2022 Dec 9.

Authors

Collaborators

ENIGMA Schizophrenia Consortium:
Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Stefan Du Plessis, Yoo Bin Kwak, Víctor Ortiz-García de la Foz, Therese van Amelsvoort, Theo G M van Erp

Affiliations

¹ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
² Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
³ Orygen, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁴ Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵ Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
⁶ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
⁷ Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.
⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität-Munich, Munich, Germany.
⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, IDIVAL, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
¹⁰ Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹² Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
¹³ School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁵ Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
¹⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
¹⁷ Division of Addiction Medicine, Centre Hospitalier des Quatre Villes, St. Cloud, France.
¹⁸ Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State, Georgia Tech, Emory, Atlanta, GA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
²⁰ School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
²¹ Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University, Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.
²² Department of Psychiatry, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
²³ Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University-Biomedical Research Institute of Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea.
²⁴ Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, IBiS-CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
²⁵ Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics (NICOG), School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
²⁶ Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁷ Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
²⁸ Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
²⁹ Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Germany.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
³¹ Desert-Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
³² FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
³³ Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
³⁴ Hospital Benito Menni CASM, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain.
³⁵ Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
³⁶ Institute for Translational Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
³⁷ School of Medicine & Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
³⁸ Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
³⁹ Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁴⁰ Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴¹ Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
⁴² Imaging Genetics Center, Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
⁴³ Division of Adult Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁴⁴ Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁵ Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁴⁶ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
⁴⁷ McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
⁴⁸ Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Computer Science, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵⁰ Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵¹ School of Psychological Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
⁵² Department of Neurosurgery, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, EURON, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁵³ Department of Psychology, School of Business, National College of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
⁵⁴ Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁵ The Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁶ Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁷ Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
⁵⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁵⁹ School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
⁶⁰ Priority Centre for Brain & Mental Health Research, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁶¹ School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
⁶² Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁶³ West Region, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁴ Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁵ Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
⁶⁶ National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
⁶⁷ MR unit, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁶⁸ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
⁶⁹ Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷⁰ Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷¹ Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁷² Department of Radiology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute IDIVAL, Santander, Spain.
⁷³ Advanced Computation and e-Science, Instituto de Física de Cantabria CSIC, Santander, Spain.
⁷⁴ Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁷⁵ Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, CAMH, Toronto, Canada.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
⁷⁷ Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
⁷⁸ Clinical Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁷⁹ Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
⁸⁰ Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK.
⁸¹ Dementia Research Centre, Queen Square, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.
⁸² Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Social Sciences, City, University of London, London, UK.
⁸³ Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK. E.Walton@bath.ac.uk.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 36494461
PMCID: PMC10005935
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01897-w

Abstract

Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with an increased risk of life-long cognitive impairments, age-related chronic disease, and premature mortality. We investigated evidence for advanced brain ageing in adult SZ patients, and whether this was associated with clinical characteristics in a prospective meta-analytic study conducted by the ENIGMA Schizophrenia Working Group. The study included data from 26 cohorts worldwide, with a total of 2803 SZ patients (mean age 34.2 years; range 18-72 years; 67% male) and 2598 healthy controls (mean age 33.8 years, range 18-73 years, 55% male). Brain-predicted age was individually estimated using a model trained on independent data based on 68 measures of cortical thickness and surface area, 7 subcortical volumes, lateral ventricular volumes and total intracranial volume, all derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Deviations from a healthy brain ageing trajectory were assessed by the difference between brain-predicted age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference [brain-PAD]). On average, SZ patients showed a higher brain-PAD of +3.55 years (95% CI: 2.91, 4.19; I² = 57.53%) compared to controls, after adjusting for age, sex and site (Cohen's d = 0.48). Among SZ patients, brain-PAD was not associated with specific clinical characteristics (age of onset, duration of illness, symptom severity, or antipsychotic use and dose). This large-scale collaborative study suggests advanced structural brain ageing in SZ. Longitudinal studies of SZ and a range of mental and somatic health outcomes will help to further evaluate the clinical implications of increased brain-PAD and its ability to be influenced by interventions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

CA has been a consultant to or has received honoraria or grants from Acadia, Angelini, Boehringer, Gedeon Richter, Janssen Cilag, Lundbeck, Minerva, Otsuka, Pfizer, Roche, Sage, Servier, Shire, Schering Plough, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Sunovion and Takeda. CMD-C has received honoraria from Exeltis and Angelini. NJ and PMT received a research grant from Biogen, Inc. (Boston, USA) for research unrelated to this manuscript. SK received royalties for cognitive test and training software from Schuhfried. The remaining authors report no biomedical financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Fig. 1. Case-control differences in brain-PAD.**
Forest plot of differences in mean brain-PAD scores (predicted brain age - chronological age) between patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and controls across (26 −1) 25 cohorts (a total of 2792 cases and 2598 controls; excluding 1 cohort that contributed data for patients only), controlling for sex, age and age² and scanning site. Regression coefficients (in years) are denoted by black boxes. Black lines indicate 95% confidence intervals. The size of the box indicates the weight the cohort received (based on inverse variance weighting). The pooled estimate for all cohorts is represented by a black diamond, with the outer edges of the diamond indicating the confidence interval limits.

**Fig. 2. Correlation coefficients of predicted brain age and FreeSurfer features across control and schizophrenia (SZ) groups.**
Bivariate correlations are shown to provide an indication of the relative contribution of features in brain age prediction. The figure shows Pearson correlations between predicted brain age and cortical thickness features (top row), cortical surface areas (middle row) and subcortical volumes (bottom row), from both the lateral (left) and medial (right) view. Features were averaged across the left and right hemispheres. The negative correlation with ICV was excluded from this figure for display purposes.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:295–301. - PubMed
1. Olfson M, Gerhard T, Huang C, Crystal S, Stroup TS. Premature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:1172–81. - PubMed
1. Weye N, Momen NC, Christensen MK, Iburg KM, Dalsgaard S, Laursen TM, et al. Association of specific mental disorders with premature mortality in the danish population using alternative measurement methods. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3:e206646. - PMC - PubMed
1. Correll CU, Solmi M, Veronese N, Bortolato B, Rosson S, Santonastaso P, et al. Prevalence, incidence and mortality from cardiovascular disease in patients with pooled and specific severe mental illness: a large-scale meta-analysis of 3,211,768 patients and 113,383,368 controls. World Psychiatry. 2017;16:163–80. - PMC - PubMed
1. Mitchell AJ, Vancampfort D, Sweers K, van Winkel R, Yu W, De Hert M. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and metabolic abnormalities in schizophrenia and related disorders—a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2013;39:306–18. - PMC - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
Medical
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Collaborators

Affiliations

Brain ageing in schizophrenia: evidence from 26 international cohorts via the ENIGMA Schizophrenia consortium

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Miscellaneous