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Review
. 2022 Nov 23;11(23):3736.
doi: 10.3390/cells11233736.

Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies

Destany K Kwon  1   2 , Mohit Kwatra  1   2 , Jing Wang  1   2 , Han Seok Ko  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease: Pathogenesis and Emerging Treatment Strategies

Destany K Kwon et al. Cells. .

Abstract

The most commonly used treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD) is levodopa, prescribed in conjunction with carbidopa. Virtually all patients with PD undergo dopamine replacement therapy using levodopa during the course of the disease's progression. However, despite the fact that levodopa is the "gold standard" in PD treatments and has the ability to significantly alleviate PD symptoms, it comes with side effects in advanced PD. Levodopa replacement therapy remains the current clinical treatment of choice for Parkinson's patients, but approximately 80% of the treated PD patients develop levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in the advanced stages of the disease. A better understanding of the pathological mechanisms of LID and possible means of improvement would significantly improve the outcome of PD patients, reduce the complexity of medication use, and lower adverse effects, thus, improving the quality of life of patients and prolonging their life cycle. This review assesses the recent advancements in understanding the underlying mechanisms of LID and the therapeutic management options available after the emergence of LID in patients. We summarized the pathogenesis and the new treatments for LID-related PD and concluded that targeting pathways other than the dopaminergic pathway to treat LID has become a new possibility, and, currently, amantadine, drugs targeting 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, and surgery for PD can target the Parkinson's symptoms caused by LID.

Keywords: Parkinson’s disease; dopamine; levodopa-induced dyskinesia; neurobiology of disease; treatment.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow Chart for articles selection and literature search.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Illustration of Normal dopamine storage Vs improper dopamine storage.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Basal ganglia circuitry regulating the direct and indirect pathways.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Different physical reactions as a result of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP).
Figure 5
Figure 5
LID developmental changes as a result of levodopa concentration and progression of PD.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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