Narrative Review of the COVID-19 Pandemic's First Two Years in Italy

Abstract

Italy was the first country in the western world to be affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, arguably among the worst-affected ones, counting 12 million cases and 150 thousand deaths two years since the first case. Facing new challenges, Italy has enacted different strategies and policies to limit the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and treat those affected by COVID-19. This narrative review provided an overview of factors, measures, and actions that shaped Italy's first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic by investigating epidemiological data and using a mixed-method approach. This narrative review aimed to summarize the most relevant aspects and measures and analyze available data to provide policymakers and healthcare providers with the instruments to learn from this pandemic and improve their preparedness for future pandemic events. The first two years of the pandemic differ in that, during the first year, significant necessary changes to the way health systems were organized were implemented, increasing healthcare spending and adopting social and physical distancing measures that were stricter than the ones adopted in the second year. However, as the pandemic progressed, increased knowledge of the virus and related variants, as well as the introduction of highly effective vaccines, which were not equally available to the whole population, resulted in a stratification of COVID-19 infections and deaths based on factors such as age, vaccination status, and individual susceptibility to the virus.

Keywords: COVID-19; Italy; distancing; pandemics; policy; vaccines.

Figure 3

Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 VOCs. This figure was created elaborating raw data from ISS [99].

Figure 1

The number of cases in Italy and epidemic waves. This figure was created by elaborating on raw data from ISS [10].

Figure 2

Mortality data for 2020 and average 2015–2019 (ISTAT). This figure was created by elaborating raw data from ISTAT [13].