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Review
. 2022 Dec 1;23(23):15085.
doi: 10.3390/ijms232315085.

Two-Component Systems of Streptomyces coelicolor: An Intricate Network to Be Unraveled

Ricardo Sánchez de la Nieta  1 , Ramón I Santamaría  1 , Margarita Díaz  1
Affiliations
Review

Two-Component Systems of Streptomyces coelicolor: An Intricate Network to Be Unraveled

Ricardo Sánchez de la Nieta et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Bacteria of the Streptomyces genus constitute an authentic biotech gold mine thanks to their ability to produce a myriad of compounds and enzymes of great interest at various clinical, agricultural, and industrial levels. Understanding the physiology of these organisms and revealing their regulatory mechanisms is essential for their manipulation and application. Two-component systems (TCSs) constitute the predominant signal transduction mechanism in prokaryotes, and can detect a multitude of external and internal stimuli and trigger the appropriate cellular responses for adapting to diverse environmental conditions. These global regulatory systems usually coordinate various biological processes for the maintenance of homeostasis and proper cell function. Here, we review the multiple TCSs described and characterized in Streptomyces coelicolor, one of the most studied and important model species within this bacterial group. TCSs are involved in all cellular processes; hence, unravelling the complex regulatory network they form is essential for their potential biotechnological application.

Keywords: Streptomyces; molecular microbiology; signal transduction and regulation; two-component systems.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Molecular mechanism of action of a two-component system: (1) if the activation signal is absent, the TCS remains inactive; (2) when the signal appears, the HK autophosphorylates a His residue (H) of the dimerization/phosphotransfer domain (DHp) through the catalytic ATP-binding domain (CA), which requires ATP; (3) the HK transfers the phosphoryl group via its His to an Asp residue (D) of the REC domain of the RR; (4) the RR generally dimerizes and triggers the cellular response, usually through the regulation of gene expression; (5) finally, the signaling cascade inactivates thanks to the dephosphorylation of the RR, usually through its own HK. The different domains of the canonical HK and RR are indicated on the left-side of the figure.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Classification of HKs (top image) and RRs (bottom image) from S. coelicolor. In the case of the HKs, the predicted domain architectures of hybrid HKs are shown (based on InterPro). With respect to the RR, the subfamilies of each type of effector domain are indicated. Data were collected from the P2CS and P2RP databases.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Regulation of antibiotic production in S. coelicolor by TCSs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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