Cannabis sativa Cannabinoids as Functional Ingredients in Snack Foods-Historical and Developmental Aspects

Abstract

The published health benefits of Cannabis sativa has caught the attention of health-conscious consumers and the food industry. Historically, seeds have long been utilized as a food source and currently there is an increasing number of edibles on the market that contain cannabis. Cannabinoids include the psychoactive constituent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and the non-psychoactive cannabidiol (CBD) that are both compounds of interest in Cannabis sativa. This paper looks at the distribution of nutrients and phytocannabinoids in low-THC Cannabis sativa, the historical uses of hemp, cannabis edibles, and the possible side-effects and concerns related to cannabis edibles. Several authors have pointed out that even though the use of cannabis edibles is considered safe, it is important to mention their possible side-effects and any concerns related to its consumption that negatively influence consumer acceptance of cannabis edibles. Such risks include unintentional overdose by adults and accidental ingestion by children and adolescents resulting in serious adverse effects. Therefore, cannabis edibles should be specifically packaged and labelled to differentiate them from known similar non-cannabis edibles so that, together with tamperproof packaging, these measures reduce the appeal of these products to children.

Keywords: Cannabis sativa; cannabinoids; cannabis edibles; pediatric exposure; side-effects.

Figure 5

Some cannabis edibles on the South African market [79].

Figure 1

Nutritional composition and phytocannabinoids present in different parts of the hemp plant [26]. Abbreviations: CBD, cannabidiol; CBG, cannabigerol; THC, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.

Figure 2

Various uses of the hemp plant [44].

Figure 3

(A) Unshelled hemp seeds [51]; (B) Hulled hemp hearts [52].

Figure 4

Various cannabis edibles in the food and beverage industry [25].