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. 2022 Nov 23:9:1003233.
doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1003233. eCollection 2022.

Global burden of calcific aortic valve disease and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019

Jiaye Yu  1 , Zhuo Wang  1 , Qinyi Bao  1 , Shuxin Lei  1 , Yayu You  1 , Zhehui Yin  1 , Xiaojie Xie  1
Affiliations

Global burden of calcific aortic valve disease and attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019

Jiaye Yu et al. Front Cardiovasc Med. .

Abstract

Background: Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) was highly prevalent among developed countries and caused numerous deaths. Based on the Global Burden of Disease 2019, this study was designed to present comprehensive epidemiological information, attributable risks, and relevant factors.

Methods: All data were available online via the Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx). In this study, we analyzed the global incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of CAVD across different regions from 1990 to 2019. We applied the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) to evaluate the change trends and their attributable risks. In addition, we explored several relevant factors.

Results: From 1990 to 2019, the incidence cases, prevalence cases, CAVD-related deaths, and DALYs of CAVD gradually increased globally. However, the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) was relatively stable, and the age-standardized DALYs rate gradually declined during the past 30 years. Males and elderly individuals were more likely to suffer from CAVD. High systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the predominant attributable risk of disease burden that presented a global downward trend (death: EAPC = -0.68, 95% CI -0.77~-0.59, P < 0.001; DALYs: EAPC = -0.99, 95% CI -1.09 to -0.89, P < 0.001). Alcohol consumption (R = 0.79, P < 0.001), smoking prevalence (R = 0.75, P < 0.001), and calcium (R = 0.72, P < 0.001) showed a positive correlation with the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), whereas classic monsoon region (R = -0.68, P < 0.001) and mean temperature (R = -0.7, P < 0.001) showed a negative correlation with age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR). Besides, medical and healthcare resources presented a positive correlation with ASIR. Meanwhile, similar relationships were found in age-standardized prevalence rate (ASPR), ASDR, and age-standardized DALY rate (ASDALYR).

Conclusion: CAVD displays widely varied spatial distribution around the world, of which high SDI regions have the highest burdens. Age is a powerful factor and hypertension a predominant attributable risk factor. Moreover, controlling blood pressure, avoiding smoking, reducing alcohol consumption, and so on, could effectively reduce the burden of CAVD.

Keywords: Global Burden of Disease Study; attributable risk factor; calcific aortic valve disease; disability-adjusted life year; estimated annual percentage change.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
ASIR and its trend of CAVD. (A) ASIR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (B) Incidence rate stratified by age in the globe and 5 SDI regions in 2019. (C) ASIR in 204 countries and territories in 2019. (D) EAPC of ASIR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (E) EAPC of ASIR in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; ASIR, the age-standardized incidence rate; SDI, socio-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.
Figure 2
Figure 2
ASPR and its trend of CAVD. (A) ASPR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (B) Prevalence rate stratified by age in the globe and 5 SDI regions in 2019. (C) ASPR in 204 countries and territories in 2019. (D) EAPC of ASPR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (E) EAPC of ASPR in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; ASPR, the age-standardized prevalence rate; SDI, socio-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.
Figure 3
Figure 3
ASDR and its trend of CAVD. (A) ASDR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (B) Death rate stratified by age in the globe and 5 SDI regions in 2019. (C) ASDR in 204 countries and territories in 2019. (D) EAPC of ASDR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (E) EAPC of ASDR in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; ASDR, the age-standardized death rate; SDI, socio-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.
Figure 4
Figure 4
ASDALYR and its trend of CAVD. (A) ASDALYR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (B) DALY rate stratified by age in the globe and 5 SDI regions in 2019. (C) ASDALYR in 204 countries and territories in 2019. (D) EAPC of ASDALYR in 31 regions from 1990 to 2019. (E) EAPC of ASDALYR in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; ASDALYR, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate; SDI, socio-demographic index; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Attributable risks of CAVD. (A) EAPC and attributable risks of ASDR in 31 regions. (B) PAF of attributable risks of ASDR in 2019. (C) EAPC and attributable risks of ASDALYR in 31 regions. (D) PAF of attributable risks of ASDALYR in 2019. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease; EAPC, estimated annual percentage change; ASDR, age-standardized death rate; PAF, population attributable fraction; ASDALYR, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Covariates of CAVD. CAVD, calcific aortic valve disease.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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