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Meta-Analysis
. 2022 Nov 25:12:1072385.
doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072385. eCollection 2022.

Global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Xiao-Man Li  1 , Hong-Li Geng  1 , Yong-Jie Wei  1 , Wei-Lan Yan  1 , Jing Liu  2 , Xin-Yu Wei  3 , Miao Zhang  1 , Xiang-Yu Wang  1 , Xiao-Xuan Zhang  1 , Gang Liu  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Xiao-Man Li et al. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. .

Abstract

Intoduction: Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Cryptosporidium infection with the main symptom of diarrhea. The present study performed a metaanalysis to determine the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus animals.

Methods: Data collection was carried out using Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese journal database (VIP), WanFang Data, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, with 35 articles published before 2021 being included in this systematic analysis. This study analyzed the research data through subgroup analysis and univariate regression analysis to reveal the factors leading to high prevalence. We applied a random effects model (REM) to the metadata.

Results: The total prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was estimated to be 7.59% from the selected articles. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in female Equus was 2.60%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus under 1-year-old was 11.06%, which was higher than that of Equus over 1-year-old (2.52%). In the experimental method groups, the positive rate detected by microscopy was the highest (10.52%). The highest Cryptosporidium prevalence was found in scale breeding Equus (7.86%). The horses had the lowest Cryptosporidium prevalence (7.32%) among host groups. C. muris was the most frequently detected genotype in the samples (53.55%). In the groups of geographical factors, the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was higher in regions with low altitude (6.88%), rainy (15.63%), humid (22.69%), and tropical climates (16.46%).

Discussion: The search strategy use of five databases might have caused the omission of some researches. This metaanalysis systematically presented the global prevalence and potential risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus. The farmers should strengthen the management of young and female Equus animals, improve water filtration systems, reduce stocking densities, and harmless treatment of livestock manure.

Keywords: Cryptosporidium; Equus; meta-analysis; prevalence; zoonotic diseases.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram of literature search and selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest map of global cryptosporidiosis in Equus epidemic.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Funnel plot with pseudo 95% confidence interval for publication bias test.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Shear complement graph and pseudo 95% confidence interval publication bias test.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Egger’s test for publication bias.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Sensitivity analysis.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Map of Cryptosporidium prevalence in Equus worldwide.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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