Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 7;36(3):164-168.
doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1754388. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Point of Care Virtual Surgical Planning and 3D Printing in Facial Feminization Surgery

Basel Sharaf  1 , Doga Kuruoglu  1 , Uldis Bite  1 , Jonathan M Morris  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Point of Care Virtual Surgical Planning and 3D Printing in Facial Feminization Surgery

Basel Sharaf et al. Semin Plast Surg. .

Abstract

The use of virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three-dimensional printing (3DP) technologies in the routine facial feminization surgery practice has gained a significant popularity over the past few years. The clinical applications of them are claimed to improve safety, accuracy, and efficiency of facial feminization surgeries. In this article, we review and discuss the current applications of VSP and 3DP in different facial feminization procedures.

Keywords: facial feminization; facial gender affirming surgery; forehead contouring; three-dimensional printing; virtual surgical planning.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest None declared.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed patient-specific model with generated cranial bone thickness heat maps demonstrating the outline and thickness of the anterior table of the frontal sinus.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The use of three-dimensional (3D)-printed cutting guides in frontonasal-orbital contouring. ( A ) 3D-printed cutting guide for anterior tables set back and superior orbital rim ostectomies. ( B ) 3D-printed patient-specific cutting guides for frontal bone contouring, lateral view. ( C ) After osteotomy of the anterior table of the frontal sinus using patient-specific 3D-printed guide.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Three-dimensional (3D)-printed patient-specific mandibular models demonstrating the preoperative (left) and postvirtual reduction (right) chins.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
The use of patient-specific point-of-care three-dimensional (3D)-printed cutting guides for shortening osseous genioplasty. ( A ) Sterilizable cutting guide for reduction genioplasty. ( B ) Intraoperative photo of after osteotomy is performed. ( C ) The removed bony segment next to the 3D-printed patient-specific model showing the osteotomy plan pencilled on the model.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Coleman E, Bockting W, Botzer M.Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender-nonconforming people, Version 7 Int J TransgenderismPublished online 2012.10.1080/15532739.2011.700873 - DOI
    1. James S E, Herman J L, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M.The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender SurveyWashington, DC: National Center for Transgender Equality;2016
    1. Chaya B F, Berman Z P, Boczar D. Current trends in facial feminization surgery: an assessment of safety and style. J Craniofac Surg. 2021;32(07):2366–2369. - PubMed
    1. Winter S, Diamond M, Green J.Transgender people: health at the margins of society Lancet 2016388(10042):390–400. - PubMed
    1. O'Toole A J, Deffenbacher K A, Valentin D, McKee K, Huff D, Abdi H. The perception of face gender: the role of stimulus structure in recognition and classification. Mem Cognit. 1998;26(01):146–160. - PubMed