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Review
. 2023 Jun;94(6):525-537.
doi: 10.1007/s00115-022-01411-1. Epub 2022 Dec 14.

[Autoimmune encephalitis-An update]

[Article in German]
Affiliations
Review

[Autoimmune encephalitis-An update]

[Article in German]
Josephine Heine et al. Nervenarzt. 2023 Jun.

Abstract

Detection of autoantibodies against neurons and glia cells has brought about the early and specific diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis in patients with variable neurological and psychiatric symptoms. Growing knowledge not only resulted in profound changes in treatment algorithms including immunotherapy but also in the understanding of disease mechanisms and etiological factors. The still increasing numbers of new autoantibodies calls for continuous updates on the state of the art in antibody diagnostics, frequencies of associated tumors and the clinical spectrum linked to each antibody, which can range from mood changes, cognitive impairment and epileptic seizures to abnormal movements, autonomic dysfunction and impaired levels of consciousness. This article summarizes the recent developments in the predominant clinical presentations of autoimmune encephalitis patients in imaging and cerebrospinal fluid diagnostics and also in prognostic markers, in the establishment of innovative immunotherapies, in the use of diagnostic pathways even before the results of the antibody tests are available and the understanding of the autoimmune etiology.

Der Nachweis von Autoantikörpern gegen Nerven- oder Gliazellen ermöglicht heute bei zahlreichen neurologischen und psychiatrischen Symptomkomplexen die frühe und spezifische Diagnose einer Autoimmunenzephalitis. Damit hat sich auch die Herangehensweise an die immuntherapeutische Behandlung dieser Krankheitsgruppe fundamental verändert, ebenso wie das Verständnis der zugrunde liegenden Pathophysiologie und der auslösenden Faktoren. Die noch immer wachsende Zahl neuer Autoantikörper erfordert ein regelmäßiges Update über den Stand der Antikörperdiagnostik, die Häufigkeit assoziierter Tumoren sowie das antikörperspezifische Spektrum klinischer Symptome, die von Wesensänderungen und kognitiven Störungen über epileptische Anfälle und Bewegungsstörungen bis hin zu vegetativen und Bewusstseinsstörungen führen. Der Beitrag fasst die aktuellen Neuerungen zusammen, die sich im klinischen Spektrum von Enzephalitiden, in der bildgebenden und Liquordiagnostik, in der Prognoseabschätzung, in der Etablierung innovativer Immuntherapien, in der Anwendung diagnostischer Pfade bereits vor dem Eintreffen des Antikörperbefundes und im Verständnis der Krankheitsentstehung ergeben.

Keywords: Antibodies; Autoimmune encephalitis; Cerebrospinal fluid; Diagnostic criteria; Encephalitis; MRI; NMDA; NMDA receptor; Outcomes; Therapy.

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