Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Dec 19;20(1):488.
doi: 10.1186/s12916-022-02639-z.

Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2018

Emily Haeuser  1 , Audrey L Serfes  2 , Michael A Cork  2 , Mingyou Yang  2 , Hedayat Abbastabar  3 , E S Abhilash  4 , Maryam Adabi  5 , Oladimeji M Adebayo  6 , Victor Adekanmbi  7 , Daniel Adedayo Adeyinka  8   9 , Saira Afzal  10   11 , Bright Opoku Ahinkorah  12 , Keivan Ahmadi  13 , Muktar Beshir Ahmed  14   15 , Yonas Akalu  16 , Rufus Olusola Akinyemi  17   18 , Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna  19   20 , Fares Alahdab  21 , Fahad Mashhour Alanezi  22 , Turki M Alanzi  23 , Kefyalew Addis Alene  24   25 , Robert Kaba Alhassan  26 , Vahid Alipour  27   28 , Amir Almasi-Hashiani  29 , Nelson Alvis-Guzman  30   31 , Edward Kwabena Ameyaw  12 , Saeed Amini  32 , Dickson A Amugsi  33 , Robert Ancuceanu  34 , Davood Anvari  35   36 , Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah  37   38 , Jalal Arabloo  27 , Olatunde Aremu  39 , Mulusew A Asemahagn  40 , Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi  41   42 , Atalel Fentahun Awedew  43 , Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla  44   45 , Martin Amogre Ayanore  46   47 , Yared Asmare Aynalem  48 , Samad Azari  49 , Zelalem Nigussie Azene  50 , B B Darshan  51 , Tesleem Kayode Babalola  52   53 , Atif Amin Baig  54 , Maciej Banach  55   56 , Till Winfried Bärnighausen  57   58 , Arielle Wilder Bell  59   60 , Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula  61   62 , Nikha Bhardwaj  63 , Pankaj Bhardwaj  64   65 , Krittika Bhattacharyya  66   67 , Ali Bijani  68 , Zebenay Workneh Bitew  69   70 , Somayeh Bohlouli  71 , Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa  52 , Archith Boloor  72 , Ivana Bozicevic  73   74 , Zahid A Butt  75   76 , Rosario Cárdenas  77 , Felix Carvalho  78 , Jaykaran Charan  79 , Vijay Kumar Chattu  80   81 , Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury  82   83 , Dinh-Toi Chu  84 , Richard G Cowden  85 , Saad M A Dahlawi  86 , Giovanni Damiani  87   88 , Eugene Kofuor Maafo Darteh  89 , Aso Mohammad Darwesh  90 , José das Neves  91   92 , Nicole Davis Weaver  2 , Diego De Leo  93 , Jan-Walter De Neve  57 , Kebede Deribe  94   95 , Keshab Deuba  96   97 , Samath Dharmaratne  2   98   99 , Mostafa Dianatinasab  100   101 , Daniel Diaz  102   103 , Alireza Didarloo  104 , Shirin Djalalinia  105 , Fariba Dorostkar  106 , Eleonora Dubljanin  107 , Bereket Duko  108   109 , Maha El Tantawi  110 , Shaimaa I El-Jaafary  111 , Babak Eshrati  112 , Sharareh Eskandarieh  113 , Oghenowede Eyawo  114 , Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu  115   116 , Sayeh Ezzikouri  117 , Farshad Farzadfar  118 , Nazir Fattahi  119 , Nelsensius Klau Fauk  120   121 , Eduarda Fernandes  122 , Irina Filip  123   124 , Florian Fischer  125 , Nataliya A Foigt  126 , Masoud Foroutan  127   128 , Takeshi Fukumoto  129 , Mohamed M Gad  130   131 , Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane  132 , Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis  48 , Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin  133 , Lemma Getacher  134 , Keyghobad Ghadiri  135   136 , Ahmad Ghashghaee  137 , Mahaveer Golechha  138 , Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari  139 , Harish Chander Gugnani  140   141 , Rafael Alves Guimarães  142 , Mohammad Rifat Haider  143 , Arvin Haj-Mirzaian  144   145 , Samer Hamidi  146 , Abdiwahab Hashi  147 , Soheil Hassanipour  148   149 , Hadi Hassankhani  150   151 , Khezar Hayat  152   153 , Claudiu Herteliu  154   155 , Hung Chak Ho  156 , Ramesh Holla  51 , Mostafa Hosseini  157   158 , Mehdi Hosseinzadeh  159   160 , Bing-Fang Hwang  161 , Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye  162 , Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi  163   164 , Irena M Ilic  165 , Milena D Ilic  166 , Rakibul M Islam  167 , Chidozie C D Iwu  168 , Mihajlo Jakovljevic  169   170 , Ravi Prakash Jha  171   172 , John S Ji  173 , Kimberly B Johnson  2 , Nitin Joseph  174 , Vasna Joshua  175 , Farahnaz Joukar  148   149 , Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak  176 , Leila R Kalankesh  177 , Rohollah Kalhor  178   179 , Naser Kamyari  180 , Tanuj Kanchan  181 , Behzad Karami Matin  119 , Salah Eddin Karimi  182 , Gbenga A Kayode  183   184 , Ali Kazemi Karyani  119 , Maryam Keramati  185 , Ejaz Ahmad Khan  186 , Gulfaraz Khan  187 , Md Nuruzzaman Khan  188 , Khaled Khatab  189   190 , Jagdish Khubchandani  191 , Yun Jin Kim  192 , Adnan Kisa  193   194 , Sezer Kisa  195 , Jacek A Kopec  196   197 , Soewarta Kosen  198 , Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana  199 , Ai Koyanagi  200   201 , Kewal Krishan  202 , Barthelemy Kuate Defo  203   204 , Nuworza Kugbey  205 , Vaman Kulkarni  174 , Manasi Kumar  206   207 , Nithin Kumar  174 , Dian Kusuma  208   209 , Carlo La Vecchia  210 , Dharmesh Kumar Lal  211 , Iván Landires  212   213 , Heidi Jane Larson  2   214 , Savita Lasrado  215 , Paul H Lee  216 , Shanshan Li  217 , Xuefeng Liu  218   219 , Afshin Maleki  220   221 , Preeti Malik  222   223 , Mohammad Ali Mansournia  157 , Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo  224 , Walter Mendoza  225 , Ritesh G Menezes  226 , Endalkachew Worku Mengesha  227 , Tuomo J Meretoja  228   229 , Tomislav Mestrovic  230   231 , Andreea Mirica  154 , Babak Moazen  57   232 , Osama Mohamad  233 , Yousef Mohammad  234 , Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani  235 , Reza Mohammadpourhodki  236 , Salahuddin Mohammed  237   238 , Shafiu Mohammed  239   240 , Ali H Mokdad  2   99 , Masoud Moradi  119 , Paula Moraga  241 , Sumaira Mubarik  242 , Getaneh Baye B Mulu  243 , Lillian Mwanri  244 , Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan  245   246 , Mukhammad David Naimzada  247   248 , Muhammad Naveed  249 , Javad Nazari  250 , Rawlance Ndejjo  251 , Ionut Negoi  252   253 , Frida N Ngalesoni  254 , Georges Nguefack-Tsague  255 , Josephine W Ngunjiri  256 , Cuong Tat Nguyen  257 , Huong Lan Thi Nguyen  257 , Chukwudi A Nnaji  258   259 , Jean Jacques Noubiap  260 , Virginia Nuñez-Samudio  261   262 , Vincent Ebuka Nwatah  263   264 , Bogdan Oancea  265 , Oluwakemi Ololade Odukoya  266   267 , Andrew T Olagunju  268   269 , Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde  270 , Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya  271 , Jacob Olusegun Olusanya  271 , Ahmed Omar Bali  272 , Obinna E Onwujekwe  273 , Orish Ebere Orisakwe  274 , Nikita Otstavnov  247 , Stanislav S Otstavnov  247   275 , Mayowa O Owolabi  276   277 , P A Mahesh  278 , Jagadish Rao Padubidri  279 , Adrian Pana  154   280 , Ashok Pandey  281   282 , Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal  283 , Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan  284 , George C Patton  285   286 , Shrikant Pawar  287 , Emmanuel K Peprah  288 , Maarten J Postma  289   290 , Liliana Preotescu  291   292 , Zahiruddin Quazi Syed  132 , Navid Rabiee  293   294 , Amir Radfar  295 , Alireza Rafiei  296   297 , Fakher Rahim  298 , Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar  299 , Amir Masoud Rahmani  300 , Kiana Ramezanzadeh  144 , Juwel Rana  301   302 , Chhabi Lal Ranabhat  303   304 , Sowmya J Rao  305 , David Laith Rawaf  306   307 , Salman Rawaf  308   309 , Reza Rawassizadeh  310 , Lemma Demissie Regassa  311 , Nima Rezaei  312   313 , Aziz Rezapour  27 , Mavra A Riaz  314 , Ana Isabel Ribeiro  315 , Jennifer M Ross  2   316   317 , Enrico Rubagotti  318   319 , Susan Fred Rumisha  320   321 , Godfrey M Rwegerera  322 , Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam  118 , Rajesh Sagar  323 , Biniyam Sahiledengle  324 , Maitreyi Sahu  2 , Marwa Rashad Salem  325 , Hossein Samadi Kafil  326 , Abdallah M Samy  327 , Benn Sartorius  99   328   329 , Brijesh Sathian  330   331 , Abdul-Aziz Seidu  89   332 , Amira A Shaheen  333 , Masood Ali Shaikh  334 , Morteza Shamsizadeh  335 , Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw  48 , Jae Il Shin  336 , Roman Shrestha  337 , Jasvinder A Singh  338   339 , Valentin Yurievich Skryabin  340 , Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina  341 , Shahin Soltani  119 , Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan  342 , Takahiro Tabuchi  343 , Eyayou Girma Tadesse  344 , Nuno Taveira  345   346 , Fisaha Haile Tesfay  347   348 , Rekha Thapar  174 , Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone  349   350 , Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye  351 , Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo  352 , Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan  353 , Jorge Hugo Villafañe  354 , Francesco S Violante  355   356 , Bay Vo  357 , Giang Thu Vu  358 , Yohannes Dibaba Wado  359 , Yasir Waheed  360 , Richard G Wamai  361   362 , Yanzhong Wang  363 , Paul Ward  364 , Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe  365 , Katherine Wilson  366 , Sanni Yaya  367   368 , Paul Yip  369   370 , Naohiro Yonemoto  371   372 , Chuanhua Yu  242 , Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin  373   374 , Yunquan Zhang  375   376 , Zhi-Jiang Zhang  377 , Simon I Hay  2   99 , Laura Dwyer-Lindgren  2   99 ; Local Burden of Disease sub-Saharan Africa HIV Prevalence Collaborators
Affiliations

Mapping age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence in adults in sub-Saharan Africa, 2000-2018

Emily Haeuser et al. BMC Med. .

Abstract

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is still among the leading causes of disease burden and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and the world is not on track to meet targets set for ending the epidemic by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Precise HIV burden information is critical for effective geographic and epidemiological targeting of prevention and treatment interventions. Age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates are widely available at the national level, and region-wide local estimates were recently published for adults overall. We add further dimensionality to previous analyses by estimating HIV prevalence at local scales, stratified into sex-specific 5-year age groups for adults ages 15-59 years across SSA.

Methods: We analyzed data from 91 seroprevalence surveys and sentinel surveillance among antenatal care clinic (ANC) attendees using model-based geostatistical methods to produce estimates of HIV prevalence across 43 countries in SSA, from years 2000 to 2018, at a 5 × 5-km resolution and presented among second administrative level (typically districts or counties) units.

Results: We found substantial variation in HIV prevalence across localities, ages, and sexes that have been masked in earlier analyses. Within-country variation in prevalence in 2018 was a median 3.5 times greater across ages and sexes, compared to for all adults combined. We note large within-district prevalence differences between age groups: for men, 50% of districts displayed at least a 14-fold difference between age groups with the highest and lowest prevalence, and at least a 9-fold difference for women. Prevalence trends also varied over time; between 2000 and 2018, 70% of all districts saw a reduction in prevalence greater than five percentage points in at least one sex and age group. Meanwhile, over 30% of all districts saw at least a five percentage point prevalence increase in one or more sex and age group.

Conclusions: As the HIV epidemic persists and evolves in SSA, geographic and demographic shifts in prevention and treatment efforts are necessary. These estimates offer epidemiologically informative detail to better guide more targeted interventions, vital for combating HIV in SSA.

Keywords: Africa; Demographics; Geostatistics; HIV; HIV prevalence; Mapping; Spatial statistics.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

S Afzal reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, unpaid, with the Pakistan society of Community Medicine & Public Health, the Pakistan Association of Medical Editors, and the Pakistan Society of Medical Infectious Diseases, all outside the submitted work. R Ancuceanu reports 5 payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Avvie, Sandoz, and B Braun, all outside the submitted work. T W Bärnighausen reports research grants from the European Union (Horizon 2020 and EIT Health), German Research Foundation (DFG), US National Institutes of Health, German Ministry of Education and Research, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Else-Kröner-Fresenius-Foundation, Wellcome Trust, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, KfW, UNAIDS, and WHO; consulting fees from KfW on the OSCAR initiative in Vietnam; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with the NIH-funded study “Healthy Options” (PIs: Smith Fawzi, Kaaya), Chair, Data Safety and Monitoring Board (DSMB), German National Committee on the “Future of Public Health Research and Education,” Chair of the scientific advisory board to the EDCTP Evaluation, Member of the UNAIDS Evaluation Expert Advisory Committee, National Institutes of Health Study Section Member on Population and Public Health Approaches to HIV/AIDS (PPAH), US National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Committee for the “Evaluation of Human Resources for Health in the Republic of Rwanda under the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR),” University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) Population Aging Research Center (PARC) External Advisory Board Member; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as co-chair of the Global Health Hub Germany (which was initiated by the German Ministry of Health); all outside the submitted work. J das Neves reports grants or contracts from Ref. 13605 – Programa GÉNESE, Gilead Portugal (PGG/002/2016 – Programa GÉNESE, Gilead Portugal) outside the submitted work. L Dwyer-Lindgren reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through grant OPP1132415. I Filip reports other financial or non-financial interests from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute, outside the submitted work. E Haeuser reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through grant OPP1132415. C Herteliu reports grants from Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, for project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021 (Jan 2022-Jun 2023) “Enhancing institutional performance through development of infrastructure and transdisciplinary research ecosystem within socio-economic domain – PERFECTIS,” from Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, for project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084 (Oct 2018-Sep 2022) “Understanding and modelling time-space patterns of psychology-related inequalities and polarization,” and project number PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351 (Jun 2020-Oct 2020) “Approaches within public health management in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,” and from the Ministry of Labour and Social Justice, Romania for project number “Agenda for skills Romania 2020-2025”; all outside the submitted work. J J Jozwiak reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Teva, Amgen, Synexus, Boehringer Ingelheim, Zentiva, and Sanofi as personal fees, all outside the submitted work. J Khubchandani reports other financial interests from Teva Pharmaceuticals, all outside the submitted work. K Krishnan reports other non-financial support from UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. H J Larson reports grants or contracts from the MacArthur Foundation and Merck to London School of Hygeine and Tropical Medicine, and from the Vaccine Confidence Fund to the University of Washington; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from Center for Strategic and International Studies as payment to LSHTM for co-chairing HighLevel Panel and from GSK as personal payment for developing training sessions and lectures; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, pair, with the ApiJect Advisory Board; all outside the submitted work. O O Odukoya reports support for the present manuscript from the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the Award Number K43TW010704. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A Pans reports grants from Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, for project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084 (Oct 2018-Sep 2022) “Understanding and modelling time-space patterns of psychology-related inequalities and polarization,” and project number PN-III-P2-2.1-SOL-2020-2-0351 (Jun 2020-Oct 2020) “Approaches within public health management in the context of COVID-19 pandemic,” outside the submitted work. S R Pandi-Perumal reports royalties from Springer for editing services; stock or stock options in Somnogen Canada Inc as the President and Chief Executive Officer; all outside the submitted work. A Radfar reports other financial or non-financial interests from Avicenna Medical and Clinical Research Institute, outside the submitted work. A I Ribeiro reports grants or contracts from National Funds through FCT, under the ‘Stimulus of Scientific Employment – Individual Support’ program within the contract CEECIND/02386/2018, outside the submitted work. J M Ross reports support for the present manuscript from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation through grant OPP1132415; grants or contracts from National Institutes of Health and Firland Foundation as payments to their institution; consulting fees from United States Agency for International Development as personal payments, and from KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation as payments to their institution; all outside the submitted work. E Rubagotti reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing, or educational events from the Greenwich China Office and Unviersity Prince Mohammad VI, Morocco, all outside the submitted work. B Sartorius reports grants or contracts from DHSC – GRAM Project; Leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a member of the GBD Scientific Council and a Member of WHO RGHS; all outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science LLC, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications, and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for participating in the speakers bureau for Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from the steering committee of OMERACT, to attend their meeting every 2 years; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board as an unpaid member of the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee; leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, as a member of the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, with the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee as Chair, and with the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis as a director and editor; stock or stock options in TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu Biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc, Series Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals, and Charlotte’s Web Holdings Inc. and previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking, and Moderna pharmaceuticals; all outside the submitted work. N Taveira reports grants or contracts from FCT and Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) – Portugal Collaborative Research Network in Portuguese speaking countries in Africa (Project reference: 332821690) and from European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP), UE (Project reference: RIA2016MC-1615), as payments made to their institution, all outside the submitted work.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
HIV prevalence data by region and country. a HIV seroprevalence survey data and b ANC sentinel surveillance data used in this analysis, by region and country. Color indicates the data source. AIS, AIDS Indicator Survey; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey; MICS, Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey; PHIA, Population-based HIV Impact Assessment Survey. Shape type indicates whether a data source is age-specific and has point (GPS) or polygon location information. Size indicates the relative effective sample size for each source. A full list of data sources with additional details about data type (such as survey microdata and survey reports) and geographical details are provided in Additional file 2: Tables S1-S5
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Analytical process overview. The process used to produce age- and sex-specific HIV prevalence estimates in sub-Saharan Africa involved three main parts. In the data-processing steps (green), data were identified, extracted, and prepared for use in the HIV prevalence model and in covariate models. In the modeling phase (orange), we used these data and covariates in a stacked generalization ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process model. In the post-processing phase (blue), we calibrated the prevalence estimation to match GBD 2019 estimates at the national level, aggregated prevalence estimates to the first- and second-level administrative subdivisions in each country, and calculated the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa in 2018 at the second administrative level for a subset of modeled demographic groups from the lower, middle, and upper age ranges: a all adults, ages 15–59 years; b males and c females ages 15–19 years; d males and e females ages 35–39 years; and f males and g females ages 55–59 years. Maps reflect national boundaries, land cover, lakes, and population; areas with fewer than ten people per 1 × 1 km, and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated, are colored light gray. Countries colored in dark gray were not included in the analysis
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Relative uncertainty in HIV prevalence, 2018. Overlapping population-weighted quartiles of HIV prevalence (constructed separately for each demographic group) and relative 95% uncertainty in 2018 at the 5 × 5-km grid cell level for select demographic groups: a all adults, ages 15–59 years; b males and c females ages 15–19 years; d males and e females ages 35–39 years; and f males and g females ages 55–59 years. Relative uncertainty is defined as the ratio of the width of the 95% uncertainty interval to the mean estimate. Maps reflect national boundaries, land cover, lakes, and population; areas with fewer than ten people per 1 × 1 km, and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated, are colored light gray. Countries colored in dark gray were not included in the analysis
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Differences in estimated prevalence between males and females ages 15–59 years at the second administrative level in 2018, calculated as a the ratio of estimated prevalence among females to prevalence among males and b the absolute difference in estimated prevalence between females and males. Maps reflect national boundaries, land cover, lakes, and population; areas with fewer than ten people per 1 × 1 km, and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated, are colored light gray. Countries colored in dark gray were not included in the analysis
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Differences in prevalence between age groups in the year 2018 at the second administrative level, calculated as the ratio of estimated prevalence between the age groups with highest and lowest prevalence, for a males b and females; and the age groups with highest prevalence for c males d and females in 2018. Maps reflect national boundaries, land cover, lakes, and population; areas with fewer than ten people per 1 × 1 km, and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated, are colored light gray. Countries colored in dark gray were not included in the analysis
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Change in HIV prevalence at the second administrative level between 2000 and 2018 for a subset of modeled demographic groups from the lower, middle, and upper age ranges: a all adults, ages 15–59 years; b males and c females ages 15–19 years; d males and e females ages 35–39 years; and f males and g females ages 55–59 years. Maps reflect national boundaries, land cover, lakes, and population; areas with fewer than ten people per 1 × 1 km, and classified as barren or sparsely vegetated, are colored light gray. Countries colored in dark gray were not included in the analysis
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Frank TD, Carter A, Jahagirdar D, Biehl MH, Douwes-Schultz D, Larson SL, et al. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Lancet HIV. 2019;6:e831–e859. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30196-1. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396:1204–1222. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Micah AE, Su Y, Bachmeier SD, Chapin A, Cogswell IE, Crosby SW, et al. Health sector spending and spending on HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria, and development assistance for health: progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3. Lancet. 2020;396:693–724. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30608-5. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. UNAIDS . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2020. - PubMed
    1. UNAIDS . Understanding Fast Track: accelerating action to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. 2015.

Publication types