Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Nov 4:15:100455.
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100455. eCollection 2022 Dec.

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya and Zika virus in nonhuman primates: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nanthanida Mongkol  1   2 , Fanny Sae Wang  1 , Sarocha Suthisawat  3 , Oranit Likhit  3 , Pimphen Charoen  4   5 , Kobporn Boonnak  3
Affiliations

Seroprevalence of Chikungunya and Zika virus in nonhuman primates: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nanthanida Mongkol et al. One Health. .

Abstract

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) are mosquito-borne viruses that have caused several outbreaks worldwide. Aedes mosquitoes transmit these viruses mainly through sylvatic and urban transmission cycles. In the sylvatic cycle, nonhuman primates (NHPs) can be infected with CHIKV and ZIKV and may play an essential role as reservoirs for virus transmission. To improve our knowledge on the role of NHPs in the sylvatic cycle, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis study on the seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV worldwide in NHPs. According to the PRISMA guidelines, 17 CHIKV and 16 ZIKV seroprevalence studies in NHPs from 3 online databases: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were selected. Data were extracted, including location and study year, type of NHP, sample size, serological tests, and seropositivity. All included studies have high-quality scores, between 5 and 8, corresponding to the grading criteria. Seroprevalence estimation was pooled using the 'meta' package in the R statistical software. The estimated pooled seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV in NHP was 17% (95%CI: 5-34, I2: 99%, p < 0.05) and 6% (95% CI: 2-12, I 2 : 92%, p < 0.05), respectively. Most of the NHPs tested were wild Old World monkeys. The subgroup was analyzed by continents; high seropositive CHIKV and ZIKV were found in African NHPs at 35% (95% CI 9-66.0, I 2 = 100) and 16% (95% CI 1-44, I 2 = 97), respectively. While NHPs in America have 7% (95% CI 0-28, I 2 = 99) and 2% (95% CI 1-3, I 2 = 54) against CHIKV and ZIKV. In Asia, 6% (95% CI: 5-34, I 2 = 96) CHIKV seroprevalence and 7% (95% CI 0-20, I 2 = 98) ZIKV seroprevalence were found in NHP. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the seroprevalence of CHIKV and ZIKV among NHPs in various regions.

Keywords: Chikungunya virus; Meta-analysis; Nonhuman primates; Seroprevalence; Systematic review; Zika virus.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Kobporn Boonnak reports financial support was provided by The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Thailand. Fanny Sae Wang reports financial support was provided by German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). Nanthanida Mongkol reports financial support was provided by Siam University.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram for search and selection process of CHIKV seroprevalence in NHPs.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow diagram for search and selection process of ZIKV seroprevalence in NHPs.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot of pooled CHIKV seroprevalence among NHPs.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Forest plot of pooled ZIKV seroprevalence among NHPs.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Funnel plots for publication bias evaluation by Egger's test in CHIKV (top) and ZIKV (lower panel) seropositive study in NHPs.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Li Z., Wang J., Cheng X., Hu H., Guo C., et al. The worldwide seroprevalence of DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2021;15(4) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Matusali G., Colavita F., Bordi L., Lalle E., Ippolito G., et al. Tropism of the chikungunya virus. Viruses. 2019;11(2) - PMC - PubMed
    1. Pielnaa P., Al-Saadawe M., Saro A., Dama M.F., Zhou M., et al. Zika virus-spread, epidemiology, genome, transmission cycle, clinical manifestation, associated challenges, vaccine and antiviral drug development. Virology. 2020;543:34–42. - PubMed
    1. Dos Santos T., Rodriguez A., Almiron M., Sanhueza A., Ramon P., et al. Zika Virus and the Guillain-Barré syndrome - case series from seven countries. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016;37516:1598–1601. - PubMed
    1. Brasil P., Pereira J.P., Jr., Moreira M.E., Ribeiro Nogueira R.M., Damasceno L., et al. Zika virus infection in pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro. N. Engl. J. Med. 2016;375(24):2321–2334. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources