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. 2022 Dec 19;12(1):21938.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26400-x.

Niosomes-loaded selenium nanoparticles as a new approach for enhanced antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities

Abbas Haddadian  1 , Farnoush Falahi Robattorki  2 , Hedieh Dibah  3 , Ali Soheili  4 , Erfan Ghanbarzadeh  5 , Nasrin Sartipnia  6 , Shadi Hajrasouliha  3 , Kamal Pasban  7 , Romina Andalibi  3 , Mojtaba Hedayati Ch  5 , Arezou Azari  3 , Arman Chitgarzadeh  3 , Aliasghar Bagheri Kashtali  3 , Fatemeh Mastali  3 , Hassan Noorbazargan  8 , Amir Mirzaie  9
Affiliations

Niosomes-loaded selenium nanoparticles as a new approach for enhanced antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer activities

Abbas Haddadian et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Targeted drug delivery and increasing the biological activity of drugs is one of the recent challenges of pharmaceutical researchers. Niosomes are one of the new targeted drug delivery systems that enhances the biological properties of drugs. In this study, for the first time, the green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and its loading into niosome was carried out to increase the anti-bacterial and anti-cancer activity of SeNPs. Different formulations of noisome-loaded SeNPs were prepared, and the physical and chemical characteristics of the prepared niosomes were investigated. The antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of synthesized niosomes loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs against standard pathogenic bacterial strains were studied, and also its anticancer activity was investigated against breast cancer cell lines. The expression level of apoptotic genes in breast cancer cell lines treated with niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was measured. Also, to evaluate the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes, their cytotoxicity effects against the human foreskin fibroblasts normal cell line (HFF) were studied using the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results illustrated that the optimal formulation had an average size of 177.9 nm, a spherical shape, and an encapsulation efficiency of 37.58%. Also, the results revealed that the release rate of SeNPs from niosome-loaded SeNPs and free SeNPs was 61.26% and 100%, respectively, in 72 h. Also, our findings demonstrated that the niosome-loaded SeNPs have significant antibacterial, anti-biofilm, and anticancer effects compared to the free SeNPs. In addition, niosome-loaded SeNPs can upregulate the expression level of Bax, cas3, and cas9 apoptosis genes while the expression of the Bcl2 gene is down-regulated in all studied cell lines, significantly. Also, the results of the MTT test indicated that the free niosome has no significant cytotoxic effects against the HFF cell line which represents the biocompatibility of the synthesized niosomes. In general, based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that niosomes-loaded SeNPs have significant anti-microbial, anti-biofilm, and anti-cancer effects, which can be used as a suitable drug delivery system.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The synthesized SeNPs and niosome-loaded SeNPs characteristics. (A) SEMof green synthesized SeNPs, (B) SEM of noisome loaded SeNPs, (C) EDX analysis of synthesized SeNPs, (D) TEM of SeNPs, (E) UV–vis spectra of biosynthesized SeNPs, (F) XRD analysis of SeNPs, (G) DLS analysis of niosome loaded SeNPs, (H) FT-IR spectra of Tween 60 (a), Span 60 (b), Cholesterol (c), Niosome (d) and SeNPs (e) and Niosome-loaded SeNPs (f).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The release profile of SeNPs from noisome-loaded SeNPs at 72 h. SeNPs release from niosomal form has been compared with free SeNPs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Stability of niosome-loaded SeNPs at two temperatures of 4 °C and 25 °C based on size (nm) and EE%. n = 3.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Antibacterial activity of free SeNPs and niosome loaded SeNPs against selected pathogenic bacteria including P. aeruginosa (A), E. coli (B), E. fecalis (C), and S. aureus (D).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Anti-biofilm activity of free SeNPs, free niosome, and noisome-loaded SeNPs. Data represent the mean ± SD (n = 3). Error bars represent standard deviations. ***p < 0.001.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Biofilm-related gene expression analysis after treatment with free SeNPs, free niosome, and niosome loaded SeNPs. n = 3, ***p < 0.0001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.0.5.
Figure 7
Figure 7
In vitro cytotoxicity of free SeNPs, niosome loaded SeNPs, and free niosome on MCF-7, T47D MDAMB231, and normal HFF cell. n = 3, *** p < 0.0001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.0.5.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Apoptosis gene expression analysis in breast cancer cell lines and normal cells after treatment with free niosome, free SeNPs, and noisome-loaded SeNPs. n = 3, ***p < 0.0001; **p < 0.01.
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