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. 2022 Dec 20;12(1):21984.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26529-9.

Applying a microfluidic device to improve the Ca2+ separation performance of the liquid-liquid extraction process

Seyed Sajjad Jazayeri  1 , Afham Pourahmad  2 , Amin Hassanvand  3 , Mozhgan Mozhdeh  4 , Goodarz Tahmasbi  5
Affiliations

Applying a microfluidic device to improve the Ca2+ separation performance of the liquid-liquid extraction process

Seyed Sajjad Jazayeri et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This study investigates the application of extraction solvent in a new microfluidic apparatus to separate calcium ions (Ca2+). Indeed, a serpentine microfluidic device has been utilized to separate calcium ions. The flow regime map shows that it is possible to completely separate organic and aqueous phases using the serpentine microfluidic device. The suggested microfluidic device reaches the extraction efficiency of 24.59% at 4.2 s of the residence time. This research also employs the Box-Behnken design (BBD) strategy in the response surface methodology (RSM) for performing the modeling and optimization of the suggested extraction process using the recorded experimental data. Flow rate and pH of the aquatic phase as well as Dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DC18C6) concentration are those independent features engaged in the model derivation task. The optimum values of pH 6.34, the DC18C6 concentration of 0.015 M, and the flow rate = 20 µl/min have been achieved for the aquatic phase. The results indicated that the extraction efficiency of Ca2+ is 63.6%, and microfluidic extraction is 24.59% in this optimum condition. It is also observed that the microfluidic extraction percentage and experimental efficiency achieved by the suggested serpentine microchannel are higher than the previous separation ranges reported in the literature.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of the laboratory-scale micro-size device.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow regime map for the serpentine microfluidic (org and aq subscripts are aquatic and organic phases).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The dependency of the microfluidic extraction percentage (a) and extraction efficiency, (b) on initial pH (● design points ■ endpoints).
Figure 4
Figure 4
The effect of DC18C6 molarity on the microfluidic extraction percentage (a) and extraction efficiency (b) (● design points ■ endpoints).
Figure 5
Figure 5
The variation of the microfluidic extraction percentage (a) and extraction efficiency (b) by aquatic phase flow rate (c and f) (● design points ■ endpoints).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Three-dimensional graphs showing the couple effect pH and Q on (a) %Eeff and (b) %E (● design points lower than the predicted value, ● design points higher than predicted value).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Three-dimensional graphs showing the coupling effect of C and Q on (a) %Eeff and (b) %E (● design points lower than the predicted value, ● design points higher than predicted value).
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