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. 2023 Jun;71(3):388-403.
doi: 10.1007/s12026-022-09345-1. Epub 2022 Dec 21.

Soluble factors from TLR4- or TCR-activated cells contribute to stability of the resting phenotype and increase the expression of CXCR4 of human memory CD4 T cells

Isabel Ruelas-Galindo  1 , Leonor Huerta  2
Affiliations

Soluble factors from TLR4- or TCR-activated cells contribute to stability of the resting phenotype and increase the expression of CXCR4 of human memory CD4 T cells

Isabel Ruelas-Galindo et al. Immunol Res. 2023 Jun.

Abstract

It has been proposed that cytokines can induce activation of resting T cells in an antigen-independent manner. However, experimental conditions have included the use of fetal serum and nanogram concentrations of added cytokines. To evaluate the effect of cytokines and chemokines generated by activated immune cells on the phenotypic profile of human memory CD4 T cells, the cells were cultured in FBS-free conditions in the presence of IL-15 and 5% of hAB serum and incubated with conditioned medium (CM) obtained from PBMC activated through the TCR using anti-CD3/CD28/CD2 antibodies (TCR-CM) or through TLR4 using bacterial LPS (TLR4-CM). Cytokines and chemokines present in the CMs were evaluated by ProcartaPlex immunoassay. Cell viability, proliferation, and surface markers were determined by flow cytometry on day 2, 5, and 8 of culture. Cell viability was maintained by TLR4-CM plus IL-15 for 8 days but decreased in the presence of the TCR-CM plus IL-15. In combination with IL-15, the TLR4-CM, but not the TCR-CM, maintained the expression of CD3 and CD4 stable. Both conditions stabilized the expression of CD45RO and CCR5. Thus, the TLR4-CM better supported the viability and stability of the memory phenotype. None of the CMs induced proliferation or expression of activation markers; however, they induced an increased expression of CXCR4. This study indicates that resting memory CD4 T cells are not activated by, but may be sensitive to soluble factors produced by antigen or PAMP-stimulated cells, which may contribute to their homeostasis and favor the CXCR4 expression.

Keywords: Bystander activation; Chemokines; Cytokines; Memory CD4 T cells; TCR; TLR4.

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