Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Nov 29;8(12):780.
doi: 10.3390/gels8120780.

Polyacrylamide/poly(2-(dimethylamino) Ethyl Methacrylate) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks as Drug Delivery Systems for Diclofenac Sodium

Kristina Grigorova  1 , Bistra Kostova  2 , Dilyana Georgieva  2 , Anton Apostolov  1 , Elena Vassileva  1
Affiliations

Polyacrylamide/poly(2-(dimethylamino) Ethyl Methacrylate) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks as Drug Delivery Systems for Diclofenac Sodium

Kristina Grigorova et al. Gels. .

Abstract

Nowadays, modern pharmaceutical investigations are directed toward the design and production of drug delivery systems for achieving prolonged and controlled drug delivery. In this respect, the use of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) is an opportunity in the preparation of polymer drug delivery systems with desired characteristics. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of novel poly(2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) and polyacrylamide (PAAm)-based IPNs with different compositions and their application as diclofenac sodium delivery systems. The prepared IPNs were shown to possess phase-separated structures at the nano level, as revealed by SEM and TM-DSC. The IPNs' composition was shown to determine the swelling behavior of these novel materials, and the inclusion of the charged IPN component (PDMAEMA) has changed the water molecules type diffusion from Fickian to non-Fickian, as revealed by the swelling kinetics study. Loading efficiency of diclofenac sodium and diclofenac sodium content in the polymer network was evaluated, and in vitro drug release experiments were carried out in order to estimate the ability of the obtained IPNs to control the release of the water-soluble drug.

Keywords: diclofenac sodium; drug delivery system; hydrogels; interpenetrating polymer networks.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Dependence of equilibrium swelling degree in water of PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs on their composition, φPDMAEMA.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Swelling kinetics of the PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs in water. For comparison, the PAAm single network swelling curve is also provided.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM micrographs of PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs with different compositions (φPDMAEMA) at magnification ×10,000.
Figure 4
Figure 4
SEM micrograph of (a) IPN1 (φPDMAEMA = 0.26) and (b) IPN 4 (φPDMAEMA = 0.52) at magnification ×30,000.
Figure 5
Figure 5
DSC thermograms of PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs as well as of the single PAAm network.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Relationship between the experimentally determined by DSC Tg of PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs and their composition, φPDMAEMA (the black line is drawn following the Fox equation, Equation (S5) in Supplementary Information).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Drug release kinetics of diclofenac sodium at pH 6.8.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Non-reversing heat flows for diclofenac sodium-pure and loaded in PDMAEMA/PAAm IPNs with different compositions.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Reversing heat flow of IPN3 (φPDMAEMA = 0.46) without (red line) and with loaded diclofenac sodium (blue line).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Chuasuwan B., Binjesoh V. Biowaiver Monographs for Immediate Release Solid Oral Dosage Forms: Diclofenac Sodium and Diclofenac Potassium. J. Pharm. Sci. 2009;98:1206–1219. doi: 10.1002/jps.21525. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Sintov A.C., Botner S. Transdermal drug delivery using microemulsion and aqueous systems: Influence of skin storage conditions on the in vitro permeability of diclofenac from aqueous vehicle systems. Int. J. Pharm. 2006;311:55–62. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.12.019. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rubio L., Alonso C., Rodríguez G., Barbosa-Barros L., Coderch L., De la Maza A., Parra J.L., López O. Bicellar systems for in vitro percutaneous absorption of diclofenac. Int. J. Pharm. 2010;386:108–113. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.11.004. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Manca M.L., Zaru M., Manconi M., Lai F., Valenti D., Sinico C., Fadda A.M. Glycerosomes: A new tool for effective dermal and transdermal drug delivery. Int. J. Pharm. 2013;455:66–74. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.07.060. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Gaur P.K., Purohit S., Kumar Y., Mishra S., Bhandari A. Preparation, characterization and permeation studies of a nanovesicular system containing diclofenac for transdermal delivery. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 2014;19:48–54. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2012.751406. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources