. 2022 Dec 9;13(4):288.

doi: 10.3390/jfb13040288.

Adhesive Property of 3D-Printed PEEK Abutments: Effects of Surface Treatment and Temporary Crown Material on Shear Bond Strength

Dingjie Wang¹, Xingting Han², Feng Luo³, Florian M Thieringer^{4

5}, Yichen Xu³, Guomin Ou¹, Sebastian Spintzyk⁶

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
² Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing 100081, China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁴ Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Hightech Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
⁵ Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
⁶ ADMiRE Research Center-Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach, Austria.

PMID: 36547548
PMCID: PMC9786111
DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040288

Adhesive Property of 3D-Printed PEEK Abutments: Effects of Surface Treatment and Temporary Crown Material on Shear Bond Strength

Dingjie Wang et al. J Funct Biomater. 2022.

. 2022 Dec 9;13(4):288.

doi: 10.3390/jfb13040288.

Authors

Dingjie Wang¹, Xingting Han², Feng Luo³, Florian M Thieringer^{4

5}, Yichen Xu³, Guomin Ou¹, Sebastian Spintzyk⁶

Affiliations

¹ State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
² Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Technology of Stomatology, 22 Zhongguancun Avenue South, Beijing 100081, China.
³ State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁴ Medical Additive Manufacturing Research Group, Hightech Research Center, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland.
⁵ Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
⁶ ADMiRE Research Center-Additive Manufacturing, Intelligent Robotics, Sensors and Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, 9524 Villach, Austria.

PMID: 36547548
PMCID: PMC9786111
DOI: 10.3390/jfb13040288

Abstract

Three-dimensionally printed polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials are promising for fabricating customized dental abutments. This study aimed to investigate the adhesive property of a 3D-printed PEEK material. The effects of surface treatment and temporary crown materials on shear bond strength were evaluated. A total of 108 PEEK discs were 3D printed by fused-filament fabrication. Surface treatments, including sandblasting, abrasive paper grinding, and CO2 laser ablation, were applied to the PEEK discs, with the untreated specimens set as the control. Afterward, the surface topographies of each group were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 1) and roughness measurements (n = 7). After preparing the bonding specimens with three temporary crown materials (Artificial teeth resin (ATR), 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative (FR), and Cool Temp NATURAL (CTN)), the shear bond strength was measured (n = 6), and the failure modes were analyzed by microscopy and SEM. The results showed that ATR exhibited a significantly higher shear bond strength compared to FR and CTN (p < 0.01), and the PEEK surfaces treated by sandblasting and abrasive paper grinding showed a statistically higher shear bond strength compared to the control (p < 0.05). For clinical application, the ATR material and subtractive surface treatments are recommended for 3D-printed PEEK abutments.

Keywords: additive manufacturing; dental implantology; fused filament fabrication; implant supported restoration; polyether ether ketone; rapid manufacturing; shear bond strength; temporary abutment.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
The fabrication of the bonding mold (a,b). The bonding mold was designed as two parts that can be accurately assembled through a lap joint; (c) the direction and layout for 3D printing; (d–h) the 3D-printed parts could be accurately assembled by lap joint (white scale: 10 mm).

**Figure 2**
The preparation of the bonding specimen; (a) the workflow for fabricating the bonding specimens; (b) the dimensions of the bonding specimen after mold removal; (c) the fabricated bonding specimen.

**Figure 3**
Experimental setup of shear bond strength testing. (a) Schematic illustration of the test block; (b) shear bond strength test using a universal testing machine.

**Figure 4**
Representative surface morphologies of the 3D-printed PEEK specimens treated with different methods. Images were captured by a stereoscopic microscope (1× and 4×) and a scanning electron microscope (100×, 1000×, and 5000×). The red, yellow, and blue arrows represent the primary, secondary, and tertiary pores created by CO₂ laser ablation, respectively.

**Figure 5**
Surface topographies of the 3D-printed PEEK surfaces with various surface treatments; (a) the 3D reconstructed surfaces; (b) mean (standard deviation) arithmetic mean height (Sa) of each group; (c) mean (standard deviation) dales void volume (Vvv) of each group (n = 7). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (significance level **** p < 0.0001).

**Figure 6**
Mean (standard deviation) shear bond strength of each group (n = 6). Black dots represent shear bond strength data for each measurement. ATR, FR, and CTN represent Artificial teeth resin, 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative, and Cool Temp NATURAL, respectively.

**Figure 7**
Representative force-distance curves of each group in shear bond strength testing. ATR, FR, and CTN represent Artificial teeth resin, 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative, and Cool Temp NATURAL, respectively.

**Figure 8**
The failure mode for each experimental group after shear bond testing (n = 6). ATR, FR, and CTN represent Artificial teeth resin, 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative, and Cool Temp NATURAL, respectively.

**Figure 9**
Representative sample surfaces after shear bond strength testing. Images were collected by a stereoscopic microscope at 1× and 4× magnifications. The scale bar in the zoomed figure is 1 mm. ATR, FR, and CTN represent Artificial teeth resin, 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative, and Cool Temp NATURAL, respectively.

**Figure 10**
Representative SEM images of the samples treated by CO₂ laser after shear bond strength testing (130×). Red arrows indicate the voids in the residual temporary crown resins. ATR, FR, and CTN represent Artificial teeth resin, 3M™ Filtek™ Supreme Flowable Restorative, and Cool Temp NATURAL, respectively.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Adhesive Property of 3D-Printed PEEK Abutments: Effects of Surface Treatment and Temporary Crown Material on Shear Bond Strength

Affiliations

Adhesive Property of 3D-Printed PEEK Abutments: Effects of Surface Treatment and Temporary Crown Material on Shear Bond Strength

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources