Progress of Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Biosensor Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrode

Abstract

This review covers the progress of nanomaterial-modified electrodes for enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors. Fundamental insights into glucose biosensor components and the crucial factors controlling the electrochemical performance of glucose biosensors are discussed in detail. The metal, metal oxide, and hybrid/composite nanomaterial fabrication strategies for the modification of electrodes, mechanism of detection, and significance of the nanomaterials toward the electrochemical performance of enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose biosensors are compared and comprehensively reviewed. This review aims to provide readers with an overview and underlying concept of producing a reliable, stable, cost-effective, and excellent electrochemical performance of a glucose biosensor.

Keywords: electrochemical sensor; enzyme immobilization; glucose detection; glucose oxidation; metal and metal oxide nanomaterials.

Figure 4

Gox structure with FAD co-factors bound deep inside the enzyme red color. Reprinted with permission from ref. [91]; Copyright 2012 Elsevier.

Figure 6

Schematic of fabrication of (a) GOx−Au nanostructure/graphite electrode using additional crosslinking reaction after GOx covalently binds with self-assembled monolayer. Reprinted with permission from ref. [105]; Copyright 2022 MDPI. (b) Polymerized GOx−AuNP−polydopamine−IONP−modified GCE electrode for glucose biosensor application. Reprinted with permission from ref. [31]; Copyright 2013 Elsevier. (c) GOx/CNT/GCE−modified electrode via EPC approach of GOx immobilization. Reprinted with permission from ref. [107]; Copyright 2015 Elsevier.

Figure 13

Schematic of (a) Co₃O₄ and Co-defected Co₃O₄ modification strategies and the amperometric performance with glucose addition. Reprinted with permission from ref. [207]; Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (b) Mechanism for glucose detection in pristine Ni(OH)₂ and defect-Ni(OH)₂. Reprinted with permission from ref. [224]; Copyright 2021 Elsevier.

Figure 1

Schematic of nanomaterial-modified electrode for glucose biosensor.

Figure 2

Schematic representation of four generations of glucose biosensors.

Figure 3

(a) Linear form of D-glucose undergoes an intramolecular reaction to form a cyclic hemiacetal; (b) different forms of glucose. Reprinted with permission from ref. [85]; Copyright 2017 Elsevier.

Figure 5

Schematic of the main methods for enzyme immobilization.

Figure 7

Four structural designs of GOx and AuNP composite film-modified ODA-Pt electrodes: (a) schematic and (b) amperometric response. Reprinted with permission from ref. [127]; Copyright 2016 Elsevier.

Figure 8

(a) Schematic of GOx immobilization by the third method of GA-GOx-SAM/x Au-nanostructure/graphite rod. (b) The calibration plot of amperometric response of GA-GOx/dendritic Au-nanostructure/graphite rod (curve 1, third method), GOx-SAM/dendritic Au-nanostructure/graphite rod (curve 2, first method), and GA-GOx-SAM/dendritic Au-nanostructure/graphite rod (curve 3, second method)-modified electrode. Reprinted with permission from ref. [105]; Copyright 2022 MDPI.

Figure 9

(a) Schematic of the fabrication process of the GOx/3D Au coral/carbon paper−modified electrode, (b) CV of the GOx/3D Au coral/carbon paper−modified electrode in PBS solution (pH 7) containing ferrocene as redox mediator without glucose and with 20 mM glucose. Reprinted with permission from ref. [140]; Copyright 2020 Elsevier.

Figure 10

SEM images of Au nanocrystal deposited on the graphene/Au disk electrode under the same potential of −0.2 V with varied electrical quantities: (a) 2 × 10⁻³ C; (b) 3 × 10⁻³ C; (c) 4 × 10⁻³ C; (d) 5 × 10⁻³ C; (e) 10 × 10⁻³ C; and (f) 15 × 10⁻³ C. (g) The current signal of the amperometry response of the GOx/AuNC/graphene/Au disk electrode with varying electrical charges. Reprinted with permission from ref. [143]; Copyright 2015 Elsevier.

Figure 11

Schematic of (a) chemisorption model. Reprinted with permission from ref. [200]; Copyright 2018 Elsevier. (b) IHOAM model of glucose oxidation. Reprinted with permission from ref. [35]; Copyright 2021 Frontiers.

Figure 12

CV of (a) nanoporous Pt/SPCE−polyimide-modified electrode in the absence and presence of various glucose concentrations and the magnified area of glucose oxidation with 0.4 V oxidation potential in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7.4) solution. Reprinted with permission from ref. [203]; Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (b) AuNP/PANI/carbon cloth-modified electrode in the absence and presence of 1 mM glucose in 0.5 M KOH solution, and the schematic of electrocatalytic glucose mechanism. Reprinted with permission from ref. [209]; Copyright 2017 Elsevier.