Evaluation of Garlic Juice Processing Waste Supplementation in Juvenile Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) Diets on Growth Performance, Antioxidant and Digestive Enzyme Activity, Growth- and Antioxidant-Related Gene Expression, and Disease Resistance against Streptococcus iniae

Abstract

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of various dietary levels of garlic juice processing waste (GJPW) on the growth, feed utilization, digestive and antioxidant enzyme activity, growth- and antioxidant-related gene expression, and resistance to Streptococcus iniae infection of juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii). A total of 450 juvenile rockfish were randomly distributed into 30 L rectangular tanks (30 fish per tank). Five experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The fish were fed experimental diets supplemented with GJPW at concentrations of 0 (GJPW0, control), 2.5 (GJPW2.5), 5 (GJPW5), 7.5 (GJPW7.5), and 10 g kg^-1 (GJPW10) diet. All of the GJPW-supplemented treatments (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 g kg^-1) significantly enhanced weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and digestive enzyme activity (amylase, trypsin, and lipase). A decreasing trend was seen in plasma aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), and glucose (GLU) content with increasing dietary levels of GJPW. In contrast, plasma lysozyme and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly increased with increasing dietary GJPW levels. Furthermore, GJPW administration significantly upregulated the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the liver of rockfish. A challenge test with S. iniae showed significantly higher resistance in the GJPW-supplemented treatments than in the control. In short, dietary supplementation GJPW enhanced growth performance and antioxidant response in juvenile black rockfish, with suitable effects in fish fed with 2.5 g kg^-1 GJPW for 8 weeks.

Keywords: antioxidant response; black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii); digestive enzyme; disease resistance; garlic juice processing waste (GJPW); growth performance.

Figure 1

Relative expression [insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (A), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (C), and catalase (CAT) (D)] in liver samples of juvenile black rockfish fed with different levels of garlic juice processing waste (GJPW) for 8 weeks. All data are shown as mean ± SE of three replicates. Bars with different letters show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

Figure 1

Relative expression [insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) (A), superoxide dismutase (SOD) (B), glutathione S-transferase (GST) (C), and catalase (CAT) (D)] in liver samples of juvenile black rockfish fed with different levels of garlic juice processing waste (GJPW) for 8 weeks. All data are shown as mean ± SE of three replicates. Bars with different letters show statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).

Figure 2

The survival of juvenile black rockfish fed experimental diets with different levels of inclusion of garlic juice processing waste (GJPW) for eight weeks and then infected by Streptococcus iniae. Values are means of triplicate groups. Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.001; log-rank and Wilcoxon tests). GJPW: garlic juice processing waste.