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Review
. 2022 Dec 13;12(24):3517.
doi: 10.3390/ani12243517.

State of the Art and Future Prospects of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review

Masoud Aghapour  1 , Barbara Bockstahler  1
Affiliations
Review

State of the Art and Future Prospects of Virtual and Augmented Reality in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review

Masoud Aghapour et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Virtual reality and augmented reality are new but rapidly expanding topics in medicine. In virtual reality, users are immersed in a three-dimensional environment, whereas in augmented reality, computer-generated images are superimposed on the real world. Despite advances in human medicine, the number of published articles in veterinary medicine is low. These cutting-edge technologies can be used in combination with existing methods in veterinary medicine to achieve diagnostic/therapeutic and educational goals. The purpose of our review was to evaluate studies for their use of virtual reality and augmented reality in veterinary medicine, as well as human medicine with animal trials, to report results and the state of the art. We collected all of the articles we included in our review by screening the Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. Of the 24 included studies, 11 and 13 articles belonged to virtual reality and augmented reality, respectively. Based on these articles, we determined that using these technologies has a positive impact on the scientific output of students and residents, can reduce training costs, and can be used in training/educational programs. Furthermore, using these tools can promote ethical standards. We reported the absence of standard operation protocols and equipment costs as study limitations.

Keywords: augmented reality; mixed reality; simulation; veterinary medicine; virtual reality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flow diagram illustrating literature research, exclusion process, and number of included studies in systematic review.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Number of published articles by each country. Four of the included articles were inter-institutional collaborations [34,36,38,49]. We counted these articles considering all collaborating countries; therefore, the sum of the articles is more than 24 in Figure 2.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of included articles per topic. AR: augmented reality; MR: magnetic resonance imaging; US: ultrasonography.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Illustration of number of included articles based on publication year.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Illustration of included articles based on used technologies. HMD: head-mounted display.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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