Plant-Derived Polyphenols as Nrf2 Activators to Counteract Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Toxicity Induced by Deoxynivalenol in Swine: An Emerging Research Direction

Abstract

The contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in feed is a global problem, which seriously threatens the productivity efficiency and welfare of farm animals and the food security of humans. Pig is the most sensitive species to DON, and is readily exposed to DON through its grain-enriched diet. The intestine serves as the first biological barrier to ingested mycotoxin, and is, therefore, the first target of DON. In the past decade, a growing amount of attention has been paid to plant-derived polyphenols as functional compounds against DON-induced oxidative stress and intestinal toxicity in pigs. In this review, we systematically updated the latest research progress in plant polyphenols detoxifying DON-induced intestinal toxicity in swine. We also discussed the potential underlying mechanism of action of polyphenols as Nrf2 activators in protecting against DON-induced enterotoxicity of swine. The output of this update points out an emerging research direction, as polyphenols have great potential to be developed as feed additives for swine to counteract DON-induced oxidative stress and intestinal toxicity.

Keywords: antioxidants; deoxynivalenol; intestinal toxicity; oxidative stress; plant-derived polyphenols; swine.

Figure 1

The chemical structure of deoxynivalenol [19].

Figure 2

Activation of the Nrf2 pathway by the polyphenols (Resveratrol [10], dihydromyricetin [65], baicalin [79], chlorogenic acid [68], rosmarinic acid [80], quercetin [60], astilbin [81], oxyresveratrol [82], and ferulic acid [37]) (adapted from the reference [78]). Abbreviations: Gpx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; Prdx, peroxiredoxins; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SODs, superoxide dismutases; Txn, thioredoxin.