Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2022 Dec 13;19(24):16742.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph192416742.

Conceptual Framework for Smart Health: A Multi-Dimensional Model Using IPO Logic to Link Drivers and Outcomes

Jianwei Deng  1   2 , Sibo Huang  1   2 , Liuan Wang  1 , Wenhao Deng  1   2 , Tianan Yang  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Conceptual Framework for Smart Health: A Multi-Dimensional Model Using IPO Logic to Link Drivers and Outcomes

Jianwei Deng et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Smart health is considered to be a new phase in the application of information and communication technologies (ICT) in healthcare that can improve its efficiency and sustainability. However, based on our literature review on the concept of smart health, there is a lack of a comprehensive perspective on the concept of smart health and a framework for how to link the drivers and outcomes of smart health. This paper aims to interweave the drivers and outcomes in a multi-dimensional framework under the input-process-output (IPO) logic of the "system view" so as to promote a deeper understanding of the model of smart health. In addition to the collection of studies, we used the modified Delphi method (MDM) to invite 10 experts from different fields, and the views of the panelists were analyzed and integrated through a three-round iterative process to reach a consensus on the elements included in the conceptual framework. The study revealed that smart health contains five drivers (community, technology, policy, service, and management) and eight outcomes (efficient, smart, sustainable, planned, trustworthy, safe, equitable, health-beneficial, and economic). They all represent a unique aspect of smart health. This paper expands the research horizon of smart health, shifting from a single technology to multiple perspectives, such as community and management, to guide the development of policies and plans in order to promote smart health.

Keywords: Delphi process; IPO model; smart health; sustainable development.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Process of conceptual development of smart health.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Overall process of factor development for smart health.
Figure 3
Figure 3
CDI of each factor (the maximum value of consensus dispersion was set to 0.3).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Smart Health Model.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. Murray C.J., Hanlon M., Lavado R., Haakenstad A., Graves C., Brooks B.P., Dieleman J., Frostad J., Leach-Kemon K., Tardif A. Financing Global Health 2012: The End of the Golden Age. Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation; Seattle, WA, USA: 2012.
    1. Rodriguez R., Svensson G., Wood G. Sustainability Trends in Public Hospitals: Efforts and Priorities. Eval. Program Plan. 2020;78:101742. doi: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.101742. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Goodspeed R. Smart Cities: Moving beyond Urban Cybernetics to Tackle Wicked Problems. Camb. J. Reg. Econ. Soc. 2015;8:79–92. doi: 10.1093/cjres/rsu013. - DOI
    1. Zheng X., Rodríguez-Monroy C. The Development of Intelligent Healthcare in China. Telemed. E-Health. 2015;21:443–448. doi: 10.1089/tmj.2014.0102. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Zhu H., Wu C.K., Koo C.H., Tsang Y.T., Liu Y., Chi H.R., Tsang K.-F. Smart Healthcare in the Era of Internet-of-Things. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag. 2019;8:26–30. doi: 10.1109/MCE.2019.2923929. - DOI

Publication types