Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Dec 19;19(24):17043.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph192417043.

Factors Influencing the Executive Functions of Male and Female Cadets

Grzegorz Zurek  1 , Dariusz Lenart  2 , Maciej Lachowicz  1 , Krzysztof Zebrowski  2 , Dariusz Jamro  2
Affiliations

Factors Influencing the Executive Functions of Male and Female Cadets

Grzegorz Zurek et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Executive functions (EFs) are related to human abilities that allow individuals to achieve planned goals, contribute to creativity and the analysis of new ideas, and allow for adaptation to new situations in daily life. Thorough analyses of the factors affecting EFs can aid in the development of appropriate training programs for various social and professional groups, including the military. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the EFs of cadets (18 women and 108 men) studying at a military academy in Poland after the first and second terms of military training, and to investigate gender differences in the level of EFs, shooting performance (SP), and components of physical fitness (PF). The Neuropsychological Color Trails Test (CTT-2) was used to determine some of the EFs of the test subjects. Meanwhile, the level of SP was represented by the score achieved during marksmanship training implemented during military training. Assessment of the subjects' PF was guided by the principles of the Health-Related Fitness assessment concept, i.e., health-related fitness. Differences between men and women in specific variables were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test for independent samples, whilst the relationship between variables was analyzed using the best subset regression method. The results revealed that cadets' EFs were influenced by their SP and their level of strength. However, there were no significant differences between male and female cadets in the levels of EFs or SP.

Keywords: cadets; executive functions; gender differences; physical fitness; shooting performance.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

    1. Diamond A. Executive Functions. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2013;64:135–168. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Diamond A. Attention-Deficit Disorder (Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder without Hyperactivity): A Neurobiologically and Behaviorally Distinct Disorder from Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (with Hyperactivity) Dev. Psychopathol. 2005;17:807–825. doi: 10.1017/S0954579405050388. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Miller H.V., Barnes J.C., Beaver K.M. Self-Control and Health Outcomes in a Nationally Representative Sample. Am. J. Health Behav. 2011;35:15–27. doi: 10.5993/AJHB.35.1.2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Borella E., Carretti B., Pelegrina S. The Specific Role of Inhibition in Reading Comprehension in Good and Poor Comprehenders. J. Learn. Disabil. 2010;43:541–552. doi: 10.1177/0022219410371676. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Bailey C.E. Cognitive Accuracy and Intelligent Executive Function in the Brain and in Business. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2007;1118:122–141. doi: 10.1196/annals.1412.011. - DOI - PubMed

Publication types