Reproduction Evaluation and Transcription Analysis of Aphis gossypii under Various Photoperiods

Abstract

Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera, Aphidoidae) is a polyphagous pest, whose complex phenotypic form, combined with its high fecundity and short reproductive cycle, has caused serious economic losses to agriculture worldwide. Photoperiod plays an important role in the reproduction of aphids. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its response to seasonal photoperiodic changes are not known. In this study, the effects of different photoperiod treatments (8 L:16 D, 10 L:14 D, 12 L:12 D and 14 L:10 D) on A. gossypii reproduction in the first, third, and fifth generations at low temperatures were investigated. Then, transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed after the fifth generation of A. gossypii, exposed to different photoperiods (8 L:16 D and 12 L:12 D), using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that (I) the effect of photoperiod on aphids was gradually evident with increasing exposure generations. In general, daylight extension help the A. gossypii to reproduce with the optimum photoperiod of L:D 12:12. (II) The transcriptome analysis results showed that 170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (123 downregulated and 47 upregulated genes) were identified between aphids under 8 h daylight and 12 h daylight. (III) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs involved in "proteolysis", "metabolic process", "peptidase activity" and "structural molecule activity" were significantly enriched; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that there were more DEGs in "Longevity regulating pathway-multiple species", "Lysosome", "Endocytosis", "Spliceosome" and "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum". (IV) Ten related genes were chosen for validation of statistical analysis based on RNA-Seq by the reverse transcription quantitative (RT-qPCR). The comparison was consistent with the expression pattern and supported the accuracy and reliability of RNA-Seq. In summary, the genes involved in these pathways play an important role in the reproduction of A. gossypii under photoperiodical changes. These will contribute to the sustainable management of cotton aphids through the disruption of their reproduction by the method of RNA interference in the future.

Keywords: anholocyclic; cotton aphid; photoperiod; reproduction; survival; transcriptome analysis.

Figure 1

The numbers progeny per female per day (a–c) and total progenies per female (d–f) of first, third, and fifth generation cotton aphids under 8 L:16 D, 10 L:14 D, 12 L:12 D, and 14 L:10 D light–dark cycles. The results were represented as mean ± SE. Various letters above the bars indicate statistically significant differences between photoperiods (Tukey’s post hoc test; p < 0.05).

Figure 2

Age-stage-specific fecundity (a) and total fecundity per female (b) of aphids maintained under 8:16 light–dark cycles until the seventh generation and transferred to 12:12 light–dark cycles from the fifth generation. The results were represented as mean ± SE. * Indicates a significant difference between two photoperiods (T-test; p < 0.05).

Figure 3

(a,b): GO enrichment of the DEGs. BP, biological process; CC, cellular component; MF, molecular function, using padj < 0.05 as the threshold for significant enrichment. * Indicates that DEGS is significantly enriched in this pathway.

Figure 4

(a,b): Scatter and bar Chart of KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs, using padj < 0.05 as the threshold for significant enrichment. * Indicates that DEGS is significantly enriched in this pathway.

Figure 5

The relative expression levels of candidate genes in (a) the fifth generation Aphis gossypii between 8:16 and 12:12 (12:12 treatment as control, expression = 1) light–dark cycles; as well as (b): Aphis gossypii at 8:16 light–dark cycles until the seventh generation (8:16 treatment as control, expression = 1) and transferred to 12:12 light–dark cycles from the fifth generation. * Indicates a significant difference in the relative expression levels of genes (T-test; p < 0.05).