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. 2022 Dec 11;23(24):15703.
doi: 10.3390/ijms232415703.

Magnetic Luffa-Leaf-Derived Hierarchical Porous Biochar for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B and Tetracycline Hydrochloride

Yingjie Su  1   2 , Yangyang Zheng  1   2 , Meiqin Feng  1   2 , Siji Chen  1   2
Affiliations

Magnetic Luffa-Leaf-Derived Hierarchical Porous Biochar for Efficient Removal of Rhodamine B and Tetracycline Hydrochloride

Yingjie Su et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Luffa leaf (LL) is an agricultural waste produced by loofah. In this work, LL was used as biomass carbon source for biochars for the first time. After carbonization, activation, and chemical co-precipitation treatments, a magnetic lignocellulose-derived hierarchical porous biochar was obtained. The specific surface area and total pore volume were 2565.4 m2/g and 1.4643 cm3/g, and the surface was rich in carbon and oxygen functional groups. The synthetic dye rhodamine B (RhB) and the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TH) were selected as organic pollutant models to explore the ability to remove organic pollutants, and the results showed good adsorption performances. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1701.7 mg/g for RhB and 1755.9 mg/g for TH, which were higher than most carbon-based adsorbents. After 10 cycles of use, the removal efficiencies were still maintained at more than 70%, showing good stability. This work not only verified the feasibility of lignocellulose LL as a carbon source to prepare biochar but also prepared a magnetic hierarchical porous adsorbent with good performances that can better treat RhB and TH, which provided a new idea and direction for the efficient removal of organic pollutants in water.

Keywords: efficient removal; hierarchical porous; lignocellulose; magnetic biochar; organic pollutants.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Scheme of the preparation of magnetic hierarchical porous biochar.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(A) TGA and DTG curves of LL. (B) FT-IR spectra, (C) XRD, and (D) Raman spectra of samples.
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) SEM images of (A) LL, (B) CLL, (C) LLB-Na, (D) LLB-K, (E) LLB-MB, (F) LLB-MB@Fe3O4, and (G) Fe3O4. TEM images of (H) LLB-MB@Fe3O4 and (I) Fe3O4.
Figure 4
Figure 4
(A) XPS spectra of LLB-MB and LLB-MB@Fe3O4. The C1s, O1s, and N1s of LLB (B−D) and LLB-MB@Fe3O4 (E−G). (H) The Fe 2p of LLB-MB@Fe3O4.
Figure 5
Figure 5
N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms of samples under relative pressures of (A) 0.0−1.0 and (B) 0.0−0.3. Pore distributions of samples based on the (C) NLDFT method and (D) BJH method.
Figure 6
Figure 6
PFK and PSK plots of RhB for (A) LLB-MB and (C) LLB-MB@Fe3O4 at 303 K. IPD plots of RhB for (B) LLB-MB and (D) LLB-MB@Fe3O4 at 303 K.
Figure 7
Figure 7
PFK and PSK plots of TH for (A) LLB-MB and (C) LLB-MB@Fe3O4 at 303 K. IPD plots of TH for (B) LLB-MB and (D) LLB-MB@Fe3O4 at 303 K.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms of (A) RhB and (B) TH for LLB-MB and LLB-MB@Fe3O4 at 303 K.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Adsorption thermodynamics of (A) RhB and (B) TH for LLB-MB and LLB-MB@Fe3O4.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Effects of pH on the adsorption capacities of (A) LLB and (B) LLB-MB@Fe3O4. (C) Zeta potentials of LLB and LLB-MB@Fe3O4.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Cycle tests of (A) LLB-MB and (B) LLB-MB@Fe3O4.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Probable adsorption mechanisms of LLB-MB@Fe3O4 for organic pollutant removal.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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