Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Immune-Related Diseases

Abstract

Probiotics and synbiotics are used to treat chronic illnesses due to their roles in immune system modulation and anti-inflammatory response. They have been shown to reduce inflammation in a number of immune-related disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and chronic inflammatory skin conditions such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis (AD). Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii) are two different types of bacteria that play a significant part in this function. It has been established that Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium are abundant in normal populations and have protective benefits on digestive health while also enhancing the immune system, metabolism, and gut barrier of the host. They have the potential to be a therapeutic target in diseases connected to the microbiota, such as immunological disorders and cancer immunotherapy. There has not been a review of the anti-inflammatory effects of Akkermansia and Faecalibacterium, particularly in immunological diseases. In this review, we highlight the most recent scientific findings regarding A. muciniphila and F. prausnitzii as two significant gut microbiota for microbiome alterations and seek to provide cutting-edge insight in terms of microbiome-targeted therapies as promising preventive and therapeutic tools in immune-related diseases and cancer immunotherapy.

Keywords: Akkermansia muciniphila; Faecalibacterium prausnitzii; atopic dermatitis; human immunodeficiency virus; immune-related diseases; immunotherapy; probiotics; psoriasis; systemic lupus erythematosus.

Figure 1

Gut microbiome dysbiosis and immune system in HIV patient. (A) Microbiome in normal gut has a role to maintain immune system homeostasis; the dysbiosis caused by a certain condition or disease (B) may influence the host immune system. The intervention may provide recovery through relocation of microbiome and immune reactivation (C). This results in healthy gut restoration after full immune reconstitution and restored immune regulation (D) [73].

Figure 2

The impact of specific gut microbiomes on anti-PD1 and anti-PD L1 treatment. Due to the high presence of the following species on the “positive” side, immunotherapy is more effective. Administration of these species boosts the quantity of the tumor-specific T-cell response, increasing the amount of IFN-γ produced by the tumor and CTL infiltration, strengthening CTL priming, and enhancing the effectiveness of the anti-PD-L1 therapy. For melanoma patients undergoing combined anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 therapy, increased F. prausnitzii concentration may potentially be advantageous. Before treatment, the anti-PD-1 immunotherapy responses in patients with metastatic melanoma were already overrepresented by Bifidobacterium longum, Collinsella aerofaciens, and Enterococcus faecium. On the other hand, species on the “negative” side reduce the effectiveness of immunotherapy [100,101,102,103,104].