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Review
. 2022 Dec 10;27(24):8775.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27248775.

A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps

Vasin Yuvanatemiya  1 , Pao Srean  2 , Wiyada Kwanhian Klangbud  3 , Karthikeyan Venkatachalam  4 , Jittimon Wongsa  5 , Thanya Parametthanuwat  5 , Narin Charoenphun  6
Affiliations
Review

A Review of the Influence of Various Extraction Techniques and the Biological Effects of the Xanthones from Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Pericarps

Vasin Yuvanatemiya et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Xanthones are significant bioactive compounds and secondary metabolites in mangosteen pericarps. A xanthone is a phenolic compound and versatile scaffold that consists of a tricyclic xanthene-9-one structure. A xanthone may exist in glycosides, aglycones, monomers or polymers. It is well known that xanthones possess a multitude of beneficial properties, including antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, and antimicrobial properties. Additionally, xanthones can be used as raw material and/or an ingredient in many food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic applications. Although xanthones can be used in various therapeutic and functional applications, their properties and stability are determined by their extraction procedures. Extracting high-quality xanthones from mangosteen with effective therapeutic effects could be challenging if the extraction method is insufficient. Although several extraction processes are in use today, their efficiency has not yet been rigorously evaluated. Therefore, selecting an appropriate extraction procedure is imperative to recover substantial yields of xanthones with enhanced functionality from mangosteens. Hence, the present review will assist in establishing a precise scenario for finding the most appropriate extraction method for xanthones from mangosteen pericarp by critically analyzing various conventional and unconventional extraction methods and their ability to preserve the stability and biological effects of xanthones.

Keywords: by-products; extraction; mangosteen; pericarps; process; xanthones.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Mangosteen fruit and its parts ((a) fruit, (b) pulp, (c) seed, (d) sepals under the mangosteen, and (e) peel) (A), and the value added from mangosteen pericarps to xanthones extract (B).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The top 10 producers of fresh mangosteen in the world. Data [11].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Chemical structure of major and minor xanthone compounds.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic diagram of microwave-assisted extraction apparatus.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Schematic diagram of ultrasonic-assisted extraction apparatus.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Schematic diagram of pressurized liquid extraction apparatus.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Schematic diagram of supercritical fluid extraction apparatus.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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