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. 2022 Dec 12;27(24):8802.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27248802.

Process Optimization of Phytoantioxidant and Photoprotective Compounds from Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method

Radia Ayad  1   2 , Rima Ayad  3 , Hayat Bourekoua  4 , Mostefa Lefahal  1 , El Hani Makhloufi  1 , Salah Akkal  1 , Kamel Medjroubi  1 , Gema Nieto  5
Affiliations

Process Optimization of Phytoantioxidant and Photoprotective Compounds from Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.) Using Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method

Radia Ayad et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

The current study first describes the extraction of phytoantioxidant polyphenols from Carob byproducts (pods) using maceration and heating-assisted extraction as traditional methods and ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) as an innovative method to determine the most efficient extraction process in terms of four targeted responses: total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activities (TAC and DPPH), and photoprotective properties as measured by the sun protection factor (SPF). Second, we used response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite rotatable design (CCDR) approach to investigate the influence of process variables (extraction time, extraction temperature, and solvent concentration) on UAE, which was found to be the most effective extraction technique in our study. Carob byproduct extracts had a TPC ranging from 6.21 to 21.92 mg GAE/g dw, a TAC ranging from 22.00 to 49.30 mg AAE/g dw, DPPH scavenging activity ranging from 56.35 to 90.50%, and SPF values ranging from 8.62 to 22.37. The optimal UAE conditions for maximum TPC, TAC, DPPH, and SPF responses were determined to be 38.90% ethanol, 53.90 °C, and 50.92 min. Using Carob as a source for sustainable and bioactive products in conjunction with optimized UAE is a promising contribution to the cosmetic industry that will help to strengthen the concept of environmentally-friendly "green chemistry". Given that Carob pulp or seeds are considered food byproducts, the research presented here encourages the use of these agri-food waste materials in cosmetics.

Keywords: Carob byproducts; antioxidant; optimization; photoprotective; traditional methods; ultrasonic.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of solvent-to-solid ratio and ethanol concentration on responses (maceration at 25 °C for 60 min).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effect of extraction process and temperature on responses. HAE—heating-assisted extraction, and UAE—ultrasound-assisted extraction.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Response surface plots indicating combined effects of UAE variables on TPC: (a) time and temperature, (b) time and ethanol concentration, (c) temperature and ethanol concentration, (d) Pareto chart (α = 0.05).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Response surface plots indicating combined effects of UAE variables on TAC: (a) time and temperature, (b) time and ethanol concentration, (c) ethanol concentration and temperature, (d) Pareto chart (α = 0.05).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Response surface plots indicating combined effects of UAE variables on DPPH: (a) time and temperature, (b) time and ethanol concentration, (c) temperature and ethanol concentration, (d) Pareto chart (α = 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Response surface plots indicating combined effects of UAE variables on SPF: (a) time and temperature, (b) time and ethanol concentration, (c) ethanol concentration and temperature, (d) Pareto chart (α = 0.05).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Response surface plots indicating combined effects of UAE variables on SPF: (a) time and temperature, (b) time and ethanol concentration, (c) ethanol concentration and temperature, (d) Pareto chart (α = 0.05).
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Carob pods; (b) final Carob byproducts powder.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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