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Review
. 2022 Dec 10;12(24):4413.
doi: 10.3390/nano12244413.

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Application of Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

Affiliations
Review

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Application of Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Chemical Sensors and Biosensors

Vincentas Maciulis et al. Nanomaterials (Basel). .

Abstract

Nanostructured materials formed from metal oxides offer a number of advantages, such as large surface area, improved mechanical and other physical properties, as well as adjustable electronic properties that are important in the development and application of chemical sensors and biosensor design. Nanostructures are classified using the dimensions of the nanostructure itself and their components. In this review, various types of nanostructures classified as 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D that were successfully applied in chemical sensors and biosensors, and formed from metal oxides using different synthesis methods, are discussed. In particular, significant attention is paid to detailed analysis and future prospects of the synthesis methods of metal oxide nanostructures and their integration in chemical sensors and biosensor design.

Keywords: biosensors; chemosensors; metal oxides; nanostructures.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Synthesis methods of various nanostructures and their application in different sensors design.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Scheme for total synthesis of dendrimer encapsulated mesoporous silica NPs. Step (1) inoculation of dendrimer with metal ions, (2) formation of reverse microemulsion with disperse phase (blue) and continuous phase (orange), (3) base catalyzed silica formation, and (4) acid catalyzed etching of metal encapsulated dendrimers. Adapted from [45].
Figure 3
Figure 3
(a) Schematic synthesis diagram of the 3D flower-like hierarchical ZnO microstructures; (b) SEM image of as-grown MFs; (c) SEM image of a single MF and corresponding EDX elemental maps. Adapted from [56].
Figure 4
Figure 4
Scheme of the fabrication of immunosensor with a sandwich configuration based on ZnO nanorods. Adapted from [67].
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scheme showing the synthetic process to generate (a) ZnO@ZIF-8-x-y and Co(CO3)0.5(OH)·0.11H2O@ZIF-67-x-y using 2-Melm vapor, where x and y are the synthesis temperature and synthesis time, respectively. (b) Advantages of Co3O4/NC hybrid materials. Adapted from [34], 2018, American Chemical Society.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Four different dimensions of ZnO nanostructures with their advantages. Zero-dimensional nanostructures provide a large surface area. One-dimensional nanostructures possess stable and direct electron transport. Two-dimensional nanostructures give specific planes for immobilization process for the simultaneous detection of different analytes. Three-dimensional nanostructures have extra surface area (outer and inner area) to provide more sites for immobilization. Adopted from [27].
Figure 7
Figure 7
Total internal reflection geometry schematic of the Au (a) and PC/Au (b) samples with a self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (11-MUA) and the GCSF-R or BSA protein in phosphate-buffered saline solution. Adopted from [105].
Figure 8
Figure 8
SEM micrograph of the plasmonic photonic structure modified QCM-D sensor chip (A) and Tamm plasmons and cavity mode excitation using nanometer structures of formed photonic crystal (B). Adopted from [106].

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