Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Dec 13;11(24):3503.
doi: 10.3390/plants11243503.

Interaction of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Ca2+ on Phenolic Compounds Bioaccumulation in Soybean Sprouts under NaCl Stress

Chong Xie  1 , Maomao Sun  1 , Pei Wang  1 , Runqiang Yang  1
Affiliations

Interaction of Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Ca2+ on Phenolic Compounds Bioaccumulation in Soybean Sprouts under NaCl Stress

Chong Xie et al. Plants (Basel). .

Abstract

NaCl stress can enhance the accumulation of phenolic compounds in soybean during germination. In the present study, effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Ca2+ on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in soybean sprouts germinated with NaCl stress were investigated. Results showed that addition of Ca2+ increased the content of total phenolics, phenolic acids, and isoflavonoids in soybean sprouts by ca. 15%, 7%, and 48%, respectively, through enhancing the activities of three key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis. On the other hand, addition of LaCl3, a calcium channel blocker, inhibited the synthesis of phenolic compounds, indicating that Ca2+ plays an important role in the synthesis of these compounds in soybean sprouts. Addition of GABA can increase the content of Ca2+ in soybean sprouts by ca. 20% and alleviate the inhibition of LaCl3 on phenolics biosynthesis in soybean sprouts. Similarly, addition of Ca2+ can reverse the inhibition of 3-mercaptopropionate, an inhibitor of endogenous GABA synthesis, on the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress. To conclude, both GABA and Ca2+ can enhance the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds in soybean sprouts and there was an interaction between their effects on the promotion of phenolic compounds biosynthesis.

Keywords: Ca2+; GABA; NaCl stress; phenolic compounds; soybean sprout.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Content of phenolic compounds (mg GAE/100 g DW) in soybean sprouts (n = 3). Treatments were as follows: N: NaCl; C: NaCl + CaCl2; L: NaCl + LaCl3; CL: NaCl + CaCl2 + LaCl3; GL: NaCl + GABA + LaCl3; CM: NaCl + CaCl2 + 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP). Values bearing different letters in each form are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Activities of PAL (A), C4H (B), and 4CL (C) in soybean sprouts (n = 3). N: NaCl; C: NaCl + CaCl2; L: NaCl + LaCl3; CL: NaCl + CaCl2 + LaCl3; GL: NaCl + GABA + LaCl3; CM: NaCl + CaCl2 + 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP). Values bearing different letters in each line are significantly different (p < 0.05).
Figure 3
Figure 3
(A) Content of Ca2+ (mg/sprout) and (B) calmodulin (CaM; ng/sprout) in soybean sprouts (n = 3). Sprouts in all treatments had a dry weight at around 0.12 g. Treatments were as follows: N: NaCl; C: NaCl + CaCl2; L: NaCl + LaCl3; CL: NaCl + CaCl2 + LaCl3; GL: NaCl + GABA + LaCl3; CM: NaCl + CaCl2 + 3-mercaptopropionate (3-MP). Values bearing different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Dai J., Mumper R.J. Plant phenolics: Extraction, analysis and their antioxidant and anticancer properties. Molecules. 2010;15:7313–7352. doi: 10.3390/molecules15107313. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kim I.S., Kim C.H., Yang W.S. Physiologically active molecules and functional properties of soybeans in human health—A current perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:4054. doi: 10.3390/ijms22084054. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rady M.M., Boriek S.H.K., Abd El-Mageed T.A., Seif El-Yazal M.A., Ali E.F., Hassan F.A.S., Abdelkhalik A. Exogenous gibberellic acid or dilute bee honey boosts drought stress tolerance in vicia faba by rebalancing osmoprotectants, antioxidants, nutrients, and phytohormones. Plants. 2021;10:748. doi: 10.3390/plants10040748. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Houneida A., Hatem A., Khalid A., Esmat F.A., Hassan F.A.S., Samir A.E., Kamel H. Induced anti-oxidation efficiency and others by salt stress in Rosa damascena Miller. Sci. Hortic. 2020;274:109681.
    1. Zhao S., Zhang Q., Liu M., Zhou H., Ma C., Wang P. Regulation of plant responses to salt stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021;22:4609. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094609. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources