Associations of metabolic heterogeneity of obesity with frailty progression: Results from two prospective cohorts

Abstract

Background: Previous studies indicated that obesity would accelerate frailty progression. However, obesity is heterogeneous by different metabolic status. The associations of metabolic heterogeneity of obesity with frailty progression remain unclear.

Methods: A total of 6730 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and 4713 from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) were included at baseline. Metabolic heterogeneity of obesity was evaluated based on four obesity and metabolic phenotypes as metabolically healthy normal weight (MHNW), metabolically unhealthy normal weight (MUNW), metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHOO), and metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity (MUOO). Frailty status was assessed by the frailty index (FI) ranging from 0 to 100 and frailty was defined as FI ≥ 25. Linear mixed-effect models were used to analyse the associations of metabolic heterogeneity of obesity with frailty progression.

Results: In the CHARLS, MUOO and MUNW presented the accelerated FI progression with additional annual increases of 0.284 (95% CI: 0.155 to 0.413, P < 0.001) and 0.169 (95% CI: 0.035 to 0.303, P = 0.013) as compared with MHNW. MHOO presented no accelerated FI progression (β: -0.011, 95% CI: -0.196 to 0.173, P = 0.904) as compared with MHNW. In the ELSA, the accelerated FI progression was marginally significant for MUOO (β: 0.103, 95% CI: -0.005 to 0.210, P = 0.061) and MUNW (β: 0.157, 95% CI: -0.011 to 0.324, P = 0.066), but not for MHOO (β: -0.047, 95% CI: -0.157 to 0.062, P = 0.396) in comparison with MHNW. The associations of MUOO and MUNW with the accelerated FI progression were stronger after excluding the baseline frail participants in both cohorts. The metabolic status changed over time. When compared with stable MHNW, participants who changed from MHNW to MUNW presented the accelerated FI progression with additional annual increases of 0.356 (95% CI: 0.113 to 0.599, P = 0.004) and 0.255 (95% CI: 0.033 to 0.477, P = 0.024) in the CHARLS and ELSA, respectively. The accelerated FI progression was also found in MHOO participants who transitioned to MUOO (CHARLS, β: 0.358, 95% CI: 0.053 to 0.663, P = 0.022; ELSA, β: 0.210, 95% CI: 0.049 to 0.370, P = 0.011).

Conclusions: Metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity and normal weight, but not metabolically healthy overweight/obesity, accelerated frailty progression as compared with metabolically healthy normal weight. Regardless of obesity status, transitions from healthy metabolic status to unhealthy metabolic status accelerated frailty progression as compared with stable metabolically healthy normal weight. Our findings highlight the important role of metabolic status in frailty progression and recommend the stratified management of obesity based on metabolic status.

Keywords: Frailty; Heterogeneity; Metabolic status; Obesity; Transition.

Figure 1

Selection process of the study population at baseline. CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; BMI, body mass index.

Figure 2

Predicted FI trajectories by four BMI‐metabolic phenotypes among all participants. The intercept of each line represents the baseline FI. The slope of each line represents the annual FI increase. CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; FI, frailty index; BMI, body mass index; MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHOO, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity; MUOO, metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity.

Figure 3

Predicted FI trajectories by four BMI‐metabolic phenotypes among non‐frail participants. The intercept of each line represents the baseline FI. The slope of each line represents the annual FI increase. CHARLS, China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study; ELSA, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; FI, frailty index; BMI, body mass index; MHNW, metabolically healthy normal weight; MUNW, metabolically unhealthy normal weight; MHOO, metabolically healthy overweight/obesity; MUOO, metabolically unhealthy overweight/obesity.