The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Injury Patterns in Inpatient and Outpatient Orthopaedic Trauma

Abstract

The effect of banning of nonessential services during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic led to a perceived change in the volume of trauma cases and injury patterns. Literature indicates trends toward less trauma overall, with a decrease in outdoor, sporting, and motor vehicle injuries. However, studies focusing on outpatient orthopaedic trauma are less common. The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on differences in inpatient and outpatient injury patterns and mechanisms. Patients requiring orthopaedic inpatient admission to Mater Dei Hospital, Malta, were analyzed between March 15 and June 17 between 2019 and 2021. For outpatients, all newly referred patients seen at the fresh trauma clinic (FTC) on the first 5 clinic days of each month from April to June between 2019 and 2021 were assessed. There were a total of 503, 362, and 603 hospital admissions during the data collection period from 2019, 2020 and 2021, respectively. There was a decrease in elbow ( p = 0.015) and pelvis ( p = 0.038) pathology since COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, there was an increase in shoulder injuries ( p = 0.036) and lacerated wounds ( p = 0.012) in 2021. The most frequent mechanisms of injury for inpatients were low impact falls, and fall from heights greater than 1 m. Machine-related injuries ( p = 0.002), blunt trauma ( p = 0.004), and twisting injuries ( p = 0.029) increased in 2021. In the outpatient setting, there were a total of 367, 232, and 299 new referrals in 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Injury patterns in this cohort were similar throughout, except for a significant increase in shoulder injuries during 2020 ( p = 0.009). There appears to be some minor variation in injury mechanisms due to lifestyle changes; however, most injury patterns have remained fairly constant. Further research should focus on the use of public awareness campaigns to decrease home-related trauma during enforced periods of lockdown.

Keywords: COVID-19; injury mechanics; injury patterns; outpatients; trauma.