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. 2022 Dec 22:15:99-111.
doi: 10.2147/AABC.S372337. eCollection 2022.

The Potential of 24-Propylcholestrol as Antibacterial Oral Bacteria of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Inhibitor Biofilms Formation: in vitro and in silico Study

Devi Windaryanti  1 , Christine Sondang Gabriel  1 , Ika Wiani Hidayat  1 , Achmad Zainuddin  1 , Hendra Dian Adhita Dharsono  2 , Mieke Hemiawati Satari  3 , Dikdik Kurnia  1
Affiliations

The Potential of 24-Propylcholestrol as Antibacterial Oral Bacteria of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Inhibitor Biofilms Formation: in vitro and in silico Study

Devi Windaryanti et al. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem. .

Abstract

Introduction: Uncontrolled biofilm can cause several diseases such as dental caries, gingivitis, and periodontitis. Dental caries is a disease caused by the accumulation of plaque-containing pathogenic bacteria, including Enterococcus faecalis. These bacteria infect the root canals of teeth and colonize to form biofilms. Biofilm inhibition is carried out by interfering with cell wall formation metabolism. MurA enzyme has a role in peptidoglycan biosynthesis of cell walls. Enterococcal surface protein (Esp) is the main contributor of E. faecalis to form biofilms. In addition, inhibition of biofilms by interfering with the quorum sensing (QS) system, suppressing gelatinase virulence factors by blocking autoinducers gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone (GBAP).

Purpose: Knowing the potential of Piper betel Linn. compounds as antibacterial in vitro and antibiofilm agents against E. faecalis in silico.

Patients and methods: The compounds were purified by a bioactivity-guided chromatographic method. Antibacterial activity was tested by disc diffusion method, in vitro studies. In silico study, compound P. betel L. was used as the test ligand and compared with positive control fosfomycin, ambuic acid, quercetin, and taxifolin. The proteins used MurA, Esp, GBAP, and gelatinase were docking with the Autodock Vina PyRx 0.8 followed by the PYMOL program and visualized with the Discovery Studio 2020 program.

Results: An antibacterial compound was identified 24-propylcholesterol which can inhibit the activity of E. faecalis ATCC 29212 with MIC value of 78.1 µg/mL and MBC value of 156.3 µg/mL. Molecular docking results showed the binding affinity of 24-propylcholesterol with MurA, ESP, GBAP, and gelatinase enzymes was -7.6, -8.7, -5.3, and -7.9 kcal/mol.

Conclusion: 24-propylcholesterol has potential as an antibacterial against E. faecalis and as an antibiofilm through in silico inhibition of QS. However, further research is needed in vitro and in vivo to determine the effectiveness of these compounds as antibacterial and antibiofilm.

Keywords: 24-propylcholesterol; MurA; Piper betel Linn; QS; biofilm.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structure of 24-propylcholesterol.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Active site of MurA for 24-propylcholestrol (A), fosfomycin (B), ambuat acid (C), quersetin (D) and taxifolin (E).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Active site of Gelatinase for 24-propylcholesterol (A), fosfomycin (B), ambuic acid (C), quersetin (D) and taxifolin (E).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Active site of Esp for 24-propylcholesterol (A), fosfomycin (B), ambuic acid (C), quersetin (D) and taxifolin (E).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Active site of GBAP for 24-propylcholesterol (A), fosfomycin (B), ambuic acid (C), quersetin (D) and taxifolin (E).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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