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. 2022 Dec 29;12(1):22510.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-26963-9.

Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)

Amandine Luquiens  1   2 , Morgane Guillou  3 , Julie Giustiniani  4 , Servane Barrault  5   6 , Julie Caillon  7 , Helena Delmas  8 , Sophia Achab  9 , Bruno Bento  10 , Joël Billieux  11   12 , Damien Brevers  13 , Aymeric Brody  14 , Paul Brunault  15   16   17 , Gaëlle Challet-Bouju  7 , Mariano Chóliz  18 , Luke Clark  19 , Aurélien Cornil  13   20 , Jean-Michel Costes  21 , Gaetan Devos  22   23   24   25   26 , Rosa Díaz  27 , Ana Estevez  28 , Giacomo Grassi  29 , Anders Hakansson  30 , Yasser Khazaal  31 , Daniel L King  32 , Francisco Labrador  33 , Hibai Lopez-Gonzalez  34 , Philip Newall  35 , José C Perales  36 , Aurélien Ribadier  37 , Guillaume Sescousse  38 , Stephen Sharman  39 , Pierre Taquet  40   41   42 , Isabelle Varescon  43 , Cora Von Hammerstein  44 , Thierry Bonjour  45 , Lucia Romo  46 , Marie Grall-Bronnec  7
Affiliations

Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study)

Amandine Luquiens et al. Sci Rep. .

Erratum in

  • Author Correction: Pictograms to aid laypeople in identifying the addictiveness of gambling products (PictoGRRed study).
    Luquiens A, Guillou M, Giustiniani J, Barrault S, Caillon J, Delmas H, Achab S, Bento B, Billieux J, Brevers D, Brody A, Brunault P, Challet-Bouju G, Chóliz M, Clark L, Cornil A, Costes JM, Devos G, Díaz R, Estevez A, Grassi G, Hakansson A, Khazaal Y, King DL, Labrador F, Lopez-Gonzalez H, Newall P, Perales JC, Ribadier A, Sescousse G, Sharman S, Taquet P, Varescon I, Von Hammerstein C, Bonjour T, Romo L, Grall-Bronnec M. Luquiens A, et al. Sci Rep. 2023 Mar 1;13(1):3460. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30530-1. Sci Rep. 2023. PMID: 36859417 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

The structural addictive characteristics of gambling products are important targets for prevention, but can be unintuitive to laypeople. In the PictoGRRed (Pictograms for Gambling Risk Reduction) study, we aimed to develop pictograms that illustrate the main addictive characteristics of gambling products and to assess their impact on identifying the addictiveness of gambling products by laypeople. We conducted a three-step study: (1) use of a Delphi consensus method among 56 experts from 13 countries to reach a consensus on the 10 structural addictive characteristics of gambling products to be illustrated by pictograms and their associated definitions, (2) development of 10 pictograms and their definitions, and (3) study in the general population to assess the impact of exposure to the pictograms and their definitions (n = 900). French-speaking experts from the panel assessed the addictiveness of gambling products (n = 25), in which the mean of expert's ratings was considered as the true value. Participants were randomly provided with the pictograms and their definitions, or with a standard slogan, or with neither (control group). We considered the control group as representing the baseline ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products. Each group and the French-speaking experts rated the addictiveness of 14 gambling products. The judgment criterion was the intraclass coefficients (ICCs) between the mean ratings of each group and the experts, reflecting the level of agreement between each group and the experts. Exposure to the pictograms and their definition doubled the ability of laypeople to assess the addictiveness of gambling products compared with that of the group that read a slogan or the control group (ICC = 0.28 vs. 0.14 (Slogan) and 0.14 (Control)). Laypeople have limited awareness of the addictive characteristics of gambling products. The pictograms developed herein represent an innovative tool for universally empowering prevention and for selective prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

AL: data sharing agreement with Winamax and FDJ. Scientific independence towards gambling industry operators is warranted. There were no constraints on publishing. MGB, JC and GCB declare that the University Hospital of Nantes has received funding from the gambling industry (FDJ and PMU) in the form of a philantropic sponsorship (donations that do not assign purpose of use). Scientific independence towards gambling industry operators is warranted. There were no constraints on publishing. GCB: data sharing agreement with FDJ. LR : Participation in « GIS Jeu et société » , 4 universités (founded by the FDJ). Reaserch grant by U Paris Nanterre. LC is the Director of the Centre for Gambling Research at UBC, which is supported by funding from the Province of British Columbia and the British Columbia Lottery Corporation (BCLC), a Canadian Crown Corporation. The Province of British Columbia, and BCLC had no involvement in the ideas expressed herein, and impose no constraints on publishing. Luke Clark has received speaker/travel honoraria from the National Association of Gambling Studies (Australia) and the National Center for Responsible Gaming (USA). He has received consulting fees from Gambling Research Exchange Ontario (Canada) and the National Center for Responsible Gaming (USA). He has not received any further direct or indirect payments from the gambling industry or groups substantially funded by gambling. He has received royalties from Cambridge Cognition Ltd. relating to neurocognitive testing. AH has research funding from the state-owned gambling operator of Sweden (AB Svenska Spel) and from that operator’s research council, as well as from the research council of the Swedish alcohol monopoly (Systembolaget AB), as well as a non-financial collaboration with the private company Kontigo Care, which provides technical follow-up devices in clinical gambling disorder treatment. None of these organizations had any role in—or influence on—the present work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Delphi process and rules.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Flow chart.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Mean addictiveness of gambling products, standard deviation and linear mean curve, as rated by the three groups (n = 900) and by French experts (n = 25) (Likert-scale 0 to 4).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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