An equitable vaccine delivery system: Lessons from the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Canada

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing health disparities and disproportionately affected vulnerable individuals and communities (e.g., low-income, precariously housed or in institutional settings, racialized, migrant, refugee, 2SLBGTQ+). Despite their higher risk of infection and sub-optimal access to healthcare, Canada's COVID-19 vaccination strategy focused primarily on age, as well as medical and occupational risk factors.

Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods constant comparative qualitative analysis of epidemiological data from a national database of COVID-19 cases and vaccine coverage in four Canadian jurisdictions. Jurisdictional policies, policy updates, and associated press releases were collected from government websites, and qualitative data were collected through 34 semi-structured interviews of key informants from nine Canadian jurisdictions. Interviews were coded and analyzed for themes and patterns.

Results: COVID-19 vaccines were rolled out in Canada in three phases, each accompanied by specific challenges. Vaccine delivery systems typically featured large-venue mass immunization sites that presented a variety of barriers for those from vulnerable communities. The engagement and targeted outreach that featured in the later phases were driven predominantly by the efforts of community organizations and primary care providers, with limited support from provincial governments.

Conclusions: While COVID-19 vaccine rollout in Canada is largely considered a success, such an interpretation is shaped by the metrics chosen. Vaccine delivery systems across Canada need substantial improvements to ensure optimal uptake and equitable access for all. Our findings suggest a more equitable model for vaccine delivery featuring early establishment of local barrier-free clinics, culturally safe and representative environment, as well as multi-lingual assistance, among other vulnerability-sensitive elements.

Fig 1. Vaccine rollout phases by province.

COVID-19 epidemiology: active cases by 100,000 population in Alberta, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Yukon (March 1, 2020 –October 5, 2021). Three phases of vaccine rollout are indicated.

Fig 2. Vaccine coverage by province.

COVID-19 vaccination coverage: fully vaccinated population (as a percentage of the total population) in Alberta, Ontario, Nova Scotia and Yukon (March 1, 2020 –October 5, 2021). Three phases of the vaccine rollout are indicated.

Fig 3. Equitable vaccine delivery model.

Proposed model of an equitable vaccine delivery system. Program enablers and goals, as well as the required vulnerability-sensitive operative elements, are shown.