Intrauterine androgen exposure impairs gonadal adipose tissue functions of adult female rats

Abstract

Prenatal androgen exposure induces fetal programming leading to alterations in offspring health and phenotypes that resemble those seen in women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It has been described that prenatal androgenization affects the reproductive axis and leads to metabolic and endocrine disorders. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in all these functions and is susceptible to programming effects. Particularly, gonadal adipose tissue is involved in reproductive functions, so dysfunctions in this tissue could be related to fertility alterations. We aimed to investigate the extent to which prenatal hyperandrogenization is able to alter the functionality of gonadal adipose tissue in female adult rats, including lipid metabolism, adipokines expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids. Pregnant rats were treated with 1 mg of testosterone from day 16 to day 19 of pregnancy, and female offspring were followed until 90 days of age, when they were euthanized. The prenatally hyperandrogenized (PH) female offspring displayed two phenotypes: irregular ovulatory (PHiov) and anovulatory (PHanov). Regarding lipid metabolism, both PH groups displayed disruptions in the main lipid pathways with altered levels of triglyceride and increased lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, we found that Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) alpha protein expression was decreased in both PH phenotypes (p < 0.05), but no changes were found in PPARγ protein levels. Furthermore, regarding adipokines, no changes were found in Leptin and Adiponectin protein levels, but Chemerin protein levels were decreased in the PHiov group (p < 0.05). Regarding de novo synthesis of steroids, the PHanov group showed increased protein levels of Cyp17a1 and Cyp19, while the PHiov group only showed decreased protein levels of Cyp19 (p < 0.05). These results suggest that prenatal androgen exposure affects females' gonadal adipose tissue in adulthood, disturbing different lipid pathways, Chemerin expression, and de novo synthesis of steroids.

Keywords: Adipokines; Gonadal adipocytes; Hyperandrogenism; Lipid metabolism; PPARs; Steroids.