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Review
. 2023 Jul;261(7):1771-1780.
doi: 10.1007/s00417-022-05954-6. Epub 2022 Dec 31.

Covid-19 and its relation to the human eye: transmission, infection, and ocular manifestations

Mahmoud Eissa  1 , Nada A Abdelrazek  2 , Marwa Saady  3
Affiliations
Review

Covid-19 and its relation to the human eye: transmission, infection, and ocular manifestations

Mahmoud Eissa et al. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2023 Jul.

Abstract

Background: The world is suffering from a new strain of the coronavirus family-Covid-19. This virus strain affected different organs in the human body with a wide range of mild symptoms and moderate signs to severe and deadly ones. Multiple organs can be infected, and one of these organs is the eye. The eye is a vital organ that consists of vascular tissues and is connected to the respiratory tract through the tears and the nasolacrimal duct.

Methods: Recent papers and research from PubMed, Researchgate, and Google Scholar were cited and thoroughly discussed. These papers were chosen based on their relevancy, reliability, publication year, published journal, and ease of accessibility to the paper itself.

Results: The theory concluded that the ocular surface might consider a pathway for the virus attack and infection causation through the tears and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 located in the eye. This article thoroughly reviewed the history, the existing aspects of Covid-19, the ocular system features, and the claims about the possible involvement of the eye in the virus transmission along with the eye infection. There was no consensus on the eye's involvement theory.

Conclusion: The authors highlighted the extra work and research needed to be conducted to prove or deny these claims to provide a better understanding of the immune response of the eye to Covid-19 infection.

Keywords: CoV virus; Covid-19; Covid-symptoms; Ocular manifestations; Ophthalmology.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Coronavirus’s structure
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Possible transmission mechanisms diagram (Armstrong et al.)
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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