A review of recent advances in exosomes and allergic rhinitis

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of nasal mucosa caused by the presence of IgE after exposure to allergens, characterized by nasal irritation, hypersecretion of the nasal passages and sneezing, which frequently occurs in children and adolescents. There has been an increase in allergic rhinitis over the past few years due to air pollution. Exosomes have been discovered to be nano-sized vesicles, which contain a wide range of substances, including proteins and nucleic acids, numerous studies indicates that exosomes play a vital role in cells communication. Recently there have been more and more studies exploring the role of exosomes in allergic rhinitis. Therefore, here we will present a comprehensive review of the research on exosomes and their role in allergic rhinitis for the purpose of providing new understanding of potential value of exosomes applied to the treatment of allergic rhinitis.

Keywords: allergic rhinitis; exosome; lncRNA; mechanism; miRNA; treatment.

FIGURE 1

Exosomes can be produced by many kinds of cells, which can transmit intercellular signals through the release of miRNA and LncRNA, and affect the expression of related genes, thus leading to the occurrence and progression of allergic rhinitis. The main miRNAs released by exosomes are miR142-5p, miR146a and miR146-5p. MiR142-5p can inhibit the expression of CDK5, which leads to the decrease of STAT3 and ultimately inhibits DCs maturation. MiR146a can increase the level of IL-10 in monocytes, and then inhibit CD4⁺ effector T cell activity and Th2 polarization. MiR146-5p can inhibit the expression of SERPINB2 and lead to the decrease of Th2 differentiation. LncRNAs mainly include Linc00632 and LncGAS5. Linc00632 can inhibit the expression of GATA-3 and lead to the decrease of Th2 differentiation. While LncGAS5 can inhibit the expression of EZH2 and T-bet, ultimately increases Th2 differentiation (By Figdraw).