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. 2022 Dec 15:13:1083299.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1083299. eCollection 2022.

Effectiveness of either short-duration ischemic pre-conditioning, single-set high-resistance exercise, or their combination in potentiating bench press exercise performance

Andreas Salagas  1 , Athanasios Tsoukos  1 , Gerasimos Terzis  1 , Vassilis Paschalis  1 , Christos Katsikas  1 , Michal Krzysztofik  2 , Michal Wilk  2 , Adam Zajac  2 , Gregory C Bogdanis  1
Affiliations

Effectiveness of either short-duration ischemic pre-conditioning, single-set high-resistance exercise, or their combination in potentiating bench press exercise performance

Andreas Salagas et al. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

This study compared the effects of short-duration ischemic preconditioning, a single-set high-resistance exercise and their combination on subsequent bench press performance. Twelve men (age: 25.8 ± 6.0 years, bench press 1-RM: 1.21 ± 0.17 kg kg-1 body mass) performed four 12 s sets as fast as possible, with 2 min of recovery between sets, against 60% 1-RM, after: a) 5 min ischemic preconditioning (IPC; at 100% of full arterial occlusion pressure), b) one set of three bench press repetitions at 90% 1-RM (PAPE), c) their combination (PAPE + IPC) or d) control (CTRL). Mean barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning was higher than CTRL (by 6.6-9.0%, p < 0.05) from set 1 to set 3, and higher than PAPE in set 1 (by 4.4%, p < 0.05). Mean barbell velocity in PAPE was higher than CTRL from set 2 to set 4 (by 6.7-8.9%, p < 0.05), while mean barbell velocity in PAPE + IPC was higher than CTRL only in set 1 (+5.8 ± 10.0%). Peak barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning and PAPE was higher than CTRL (by 7.8% and 8.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Total number of repetitions was similarly increased in all experimental conditions compared with CTRL (by 7.0-7.9%, p < 0.05). Rating of perceived exertion was lower in ischemic preconditioning compared with CTRL (p < 0.001) and PAPE (p = 0.045), respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of short-duration ischemic preconditioning in increasing bench press performance, and suggest that it may be readily used by strength and conditioning coaches during resistance training due to its brevity and lower perceived exertion.

Keywords: blood flow restricted exercise; performance enhancement; post-activation potentiation; velocity-based training; warm-up.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Schematic representation of the experimental design.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Peak (upper panel) and mean bar velocities (lower panel) per repetition in the four sets (set 1 to set 4) of each experimental condition (CTRL: control, IPC: ischemic pre-conditioning, PAPE: post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE + IPC: combination of PAPE and IPC conditions).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Average peak bar velocities (APV) in each experimental condition (CTRL: control, IPC: ischemic pre-conditioning, PAPE: post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE + IPC: combination of PAPE and IPC conditions). *: p < 0.05 from CTRL.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Total number of repetitions (all sets included) in each experimental condition (CTRL: control, IPC: ischemic pre-conditioning, PAPE: post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE + IPC: combination of PAPE and IPC conditions). *: p < 0.05 from CTRL.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) before and after the execution of the four sets in the bench press exercise in each experimental condition (CTRL: control, IPC: ischemic pre-conditioning, PAPE: post-activation performance enhancement, PAPE + IPC: combination of PAPE and IPC conditions). *: p < 0.05 from PRE, # and †: p < 0.01 and p < 0.05 from IPC.
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