. 2023 May 1;207(9):1194-1202.

doi: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1331OC.

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Common Genetic Variants and Limited Rare Variants

Anna L Peljto¹, Rachel Z Blumhagen^{1

2}, Avram D Walts², Jonathan Cardwell¹, Julia Powers¹, Tamera J Corte³, Joanne L Dickinson⁴, Ian Glaspole⁵, Yuben P Moodley⁶, Martina Koziar Vasakova⁷, Elisabeth Bendstrup^{8

9}, Jesper R Davidsen¹⁰, Raphael Borie¹¹, Bruno Crestani^{11

12}, Philippe Dieude¹³, Francesco Bonella¹⁴, Ulrich Costabel¹⁴, Gunnar Gudmundsson^{15

16}, Seamas C Donnelly¹⁷, Jim Egan¹⁸, Michael T Henry¹⁹, Michael P Keane²⁰, Marcus P Kennedy¹⁹, Cormac McCarthy²⁰, Aoife N McElroy¹⁷, Joshua A Olaniyi¹⁷, Katherine M A O'Reilly²¹, Luca Richeldi^{22

23}, Paolo M Leone^{22

23}, Venerino Poletti^{24

25}, Francesco Puppo²⁶, Sara Tomassetti²⁷, Valentina Luzzi²⁸, Nurdan Kokturk²⁹, Nesrin Mogulkoc³⁰, Christine A Fiddler³¹, Nikhil Hirani³², R Gisli Jenkins³³, Toby M Maher^{33

34}, Philip L Molyneaux³³, Helen Parfrey³¹, Rebecca Braybrooke³⁵, Timothy S Blackwell³⁶, Peter D Jackson³⁷, Steven D Nathan³⁸, Mary K Porteous³⁹, Kevin K Brown², Jason D Christie⁴⁰, Harold R Collard⁴¹, Oliver Eickelberg⁴², Elena E Foster⁴³, Kevin F Gibson⁴², Marilyn Glassberg⁴⁴, Daniel J Kass⁴², Jonathan A Kropski³⁶, David Lederer⁴⁵, Angela L Linderholm⁴⁶, Jim Loyd³⁶, Susan K Mathai⁴⁷, Sydney B Montesi⁴⁸, Imre Noth⁴⁹, Justin M Oldham⁵⁰, Amy J Palmisciano⁵¹, Cristina A Reichner⁵², Mauricio Rojas⁵³, Jesse Roman⁵⁴, Neil Schluger⁵⁵, Barry S Shea⁵¹, Jeffrey J Swigris², Paul J Wolters⁴¹, Yingze Zhang⁴², Cecilia M A Prele⁵⁶, Juan I Enghelmayer^{57

58}, Maria Otaola⁵⁹, Christopher J Ryerson⁶⁰, Mauricio Salinas⁶¹, Martina Sterclova⁸, Tewodros H Gebremariam⁶², Marjukka Myllärniemi⁶³, Roberto G Carbone²⁶, Haruhiko Furusawa⁶⁴, Masaki Hirose⁶⁵, Yoshikazu Inoue⁶⁵, Yasunari Miyazaki⁶⁴, Ken Ohta⁶⁶, Shin Ohta⁶⁷, Tsukasa Okamoto⁶⁴, Dong Soon Kim⁶⁸, Annie Pardo⁶⁹, Moises Selman⁷⁰, Alvaro U Aranda⁷¹, Moo Suk Park⁷², Jong Sun Park⁷³, Jin Woo Song⁶⁸, Maria Molina-Molina⁷⁴, Lurdes Planas-Cerezales⁷⁵, Gunilla Westergren-Thorsson⁷⁶, Albert V Smith⁷⁷, Ani W Manichaikul⁷⁸, John S Kim⁴⁹, Stephen S Rich^{78

79}, Elizabeth C Oelsner⁸⁰, R Graham Barr⁸⁰, Jerome I Rotter⁸¹, Josee Dupuis^{82

83}, George O'Connor⁸⁴, Ramachandran S Vasan⁸⁵, Michael H Cho⁸⁶, Edwin K Silverman⁸⁶, Marvin I Schwarz¹, Mark P Steele¹, Joyce S Lee¹, Ivana V Yang¹, Tasha E Fingerlin², David A Schwartz¹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
² National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.
³ Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁴ Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
⁵ Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Clinic, Alfred Health, Sydney, Australia.
⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁸ Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁹ Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁰ South Danish Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹¹ Service de Pneumologie A and.
¹² Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France.
¹³ Service de Rhumatologie, Hopital Bichat, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Ruhrlandklinik University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁵ Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹⁷ Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁸ National Lung Transplantation Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
²⁰ St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
²¹ Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
²² Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²³ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Diseases of the Thorax, G. B. Morgagni Hospital, Forlì, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMES University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
²⁸ Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
²⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
³⁰ Department of Pulmonology, Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
³¹ Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
³² University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
³³ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
³⁴ Keck Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
³⁵ Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
³⁶ Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
³⁸ Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia.
³⁹ Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁴⁰ Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁴¹ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
⁴² Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
⁴³ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California.
⁴⁴ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona.
⁴⁵ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York.
⁴⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
⁴⁷ Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
⁴⁸ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine.
⁵⁰ Department of Medicine and.
⁵¹ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁵² Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
⁵³ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
⁵⁴ Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁵⁵ Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
⁵⁶ Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
⁵⁷ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁵⁸ Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵⁹ Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁶⁰ Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁶¹ Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁶² College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁵ National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
⁶⁶ National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁷ Department of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁸ Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁶⁹ Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁷⁰ Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁷¹ Cardiopulmonary Research Center, Alliance Pulmonary Group, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
⁷² Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁷³ Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
⁷⁴ Respiratory Department and.
⁷⁵ Interstitial Lung Disease Multidisciplinary Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁶ Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lung Biology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁷⁷ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
⁷⁸ Center for Public Health Genomics, and.
⁷⁹ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
⁸⁰ Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
⁸¹ The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California.
⁸² Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸³ Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁸⁴ Pulmonary Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸⁵ Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
⁸⁶ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

PMID: 36602845
PMCID: PMC10161752
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1331OC

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Common Genetic Variants and Limited Rare Variants

Anna L Peljto et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023.

. 2023 May 1;207(9):1194-1202.

doi: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1331OC.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
² National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado.
³ Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
⁴ Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
⁵ Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Clinic, Alfred Health, Sydney, Australia.
⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
⁷ Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Thomayer Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁸ Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
⁹ Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹⁰ South Danish Center for Interstitial Lung Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.
¹¹ Service de Pneumologie A and.
¹² Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Physiopathologie et Épidémiologie des Maladies Respiratoires, Paris, France.
¹³ Service de Rhumatologie, Hopital Bichat, Paris, France.
¹⁴ Center for Interstitial and Rare Lung Diseases, Ruhrlandklinik University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
¹⁵ Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹⁶ Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland.
¹⁷ Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁸ National Lung Transplantation Centre, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
¹⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland.
²⁰ St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
²¹ Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
²² Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
²³ Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
²⁴ Department of Diseases of the Thorax, G. B. Morgagni Hospital, Forlì, Italy.
²⁵ Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, DIMES University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
²⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
²⁷ Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
²⁸ Interventional Pulmonology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.
²⁹ Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
³⁰ Department of Pulmonology, Ege University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey.
³¹ Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
³² University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
³³ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
³⁴ Keck Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
³⁵ Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
³⁶ Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
³⁷ Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
³⁸ Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, Virginia.
³⁹ Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁴⁰ Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁴¹ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
⁴² Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
⁴³ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California.
⁴⁴ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona.
⁴⁵ Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Tarrytown, New York.
⁴⁶ Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California.
⁴⁷ Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
⁴⁸ Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁴⁹ Department of Medicine.
⁵⁰ Department of Medicine and.
⁵¹ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁵² Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC.
⁵³ Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
⁵⁴ Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
⁵⁵ Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
⁵⁶ Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
⁵⁷ Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island.
⁵⁸ Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁵⁹ Instituto de Rehabilitación Psicofísica de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁶⁰ Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁶¹ Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁶² College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
⁶³ Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
⁶⁴ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁵ National Hospital Organization Kinki-Chuo Chest Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.
⁶⁶ National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁷ Department of Medicine, Showa University, Tokyo, Japan.
⁶⁸ Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁶⁹ Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁷⁰ Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁷¹ Cardiopulmonary Research Center, Alliance Pulmonary Group, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico.
⁷² Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁷³ Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
⁷⁴ Respiratory Department and.
⁷⁵ Interstitial Lung Disease Multidisciplinary Unit, University Hospital of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
⁷⁶ Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lung Biology Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
⁷⁷ Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
⁷⁸ Center for Public Health Genomics, and.
⁷⁹ Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
⁸⁰ Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
⁸¹ The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California.
⁸² Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸³ Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁸⁴ Pulmonary Center, School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts.
⁸⁵ Boston University and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Framingham Heart Study, Boston, Massachusetts; and.
⁸⁶ Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.

PMID: 36602845
PMCID: PMC10161752
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202207-1331OC

Erratum in

Erratum: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Common Genetic Variants and Limited Rare Variants.
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024 Feb 15;209(4):462. doi: 10.1164/rccm.v209erratum2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2024. PMID: 38358128 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

Abstract

Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rare, irreversible, and progressive disease of the lungs. Common genetic variants, in addition to nongenetic factors, have been consistently associated with IPF. Rare variants identified by candidate gene, family-based, and exome studies have also been reported to associate with IPF. However, the extent to which rare variants, genome-wide, may contribute to the risk of IPF remains unknown. Objectives: We used whole-genome sequencing to investigate the role of rare variants, genome-wide, on IPF risk. Methods: As part of the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine Program, we sequenced 2,180 cases of IPF. Association testing focused on the aggregated effect of rare variants (minor allele frequency ⩽0.01) within genes or regions. We also identified individual rare variants that are influential within genes and estimated the heritability of IPF on the basis of rare and common variants. Measurements and Main Results: Rare variants in both TERT and RTEL1 were significantly associated with IPF. A single rare variant in each of the TERT and RTEL1 genes was found to consistently influence the aggregated test statistics. There was no significant evidence of association with other previously reported rare variants. The SNP heritability of IPF was estimated to be 32% (SE = 3%). Conclusions: Rare variants within the TERT and RTEL1 genes and well-established common variants have the largest contribution to IPF risk overall. Efforts in risk profiling or the development of therapies for IPF that focus on TERT, RTEL1, common variants, and environmental risk factors are likely to have the largest impact on this complex disease.

Keywords: TOPMed; genetic association studies; interstitial lung disease; telomerase; whole-genome sequencing.

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Figures

**Figure 1.**
Manhattan plot for rare loss-of-function variants (A) and loss-of-function and missense variants (B), aggregated by gene, in the discovery cohort. Horizontal lines represent the genome-wide significance thresholds adjusted for the effective number of tests (solid) and the total number of tests (dashed).

**Figure 2.**
Manhattan plots for meta-analysis with rare loss-of-function variants (A) and loss-of-function and missense variants (B). Horizontal lines represent the genome-wide significance thresholds adjusted for the total number of tests.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Defining the Genetic Landscape of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Role of Common and Rare Variants.
Moss BJ, Rosas IO. Moss BJ, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 May 1;207(9):1118-1120. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202301-0177ED. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023. PMID: 36796091 Free PMC article. No abstract available.

References

1. Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, Richeldi L, Ryerson CJ, Lederer DJ, et al. American Thoracic Society, European Respiratory Society, Japanese Respiratory Society, and Latin American Thoracic Society Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med . 2018;198:e44–e68. - PubMed
1. Lederer DJ, Martinez FJ. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N Engl J Med . 2018;379:797–798. - PubMed
1. Meltzer EB, Noble PW. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis . 2008;3:8. - PMC - PubMed
1. Baumgartner KB, Samet JM, Coultas DB, Stidley CA, Hunt WC, Colby TV, et al. Collaborating Centers Occupational and environmental risk factors for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a multicenter case-control study. Am J Epidemiol . 2000;152:307–315. - PubMed
1. Pinheiro GA, Antao VC, Wood JM, Wassell JT. Occupational risks for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis mortality in the United States. Int J Occup Environ Health . 2008;14:117–123. - PubMed

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Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Common Genetic Variants and Limited Rare Variants

Affiliations

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Is Associated with Common Genetic Variants and Limited Rare Variants

Authors

Affiliations

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