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Review
. 2022 Dec 30;13(1):130.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13010130.

The Need for Artificial Intelligence Based Risk Factor Analysis for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review

Abhishek Vyas  1 , Sundaresan Raman  1 , Janani Surya  2 , Sagnik Sen  3   4 , Rajiv Raman  2
Affiliations
Review

The Need for Artificial Intelligence Based Risk Factor Analysis for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review

Abhishek Vyas et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

In epidemiology, a risk factor is a variable associated with increased disease risk. Understanding the role of risk factors is significant for developing a strategy to improve global health. There is strong evidence that risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption, previous cataract surgery, age, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, BMI, female gender, and focal hyper-pigmentation are independently associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Currently, in the literature, statistical techniques like logistic regression, multivariable logistic regression, etc., are being used to identify AMD risk factors by employing numerical/categorical data. However, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have not been used so far in the literature for identifying risk factors for AMD. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) based tools can anticipate when a person is at risk of developing chronic diseases like cancer, dementia, asthma, etc., in providing personalized care. AI-based techniques can employ numerical/categorical and/or image data thus resulting in multimodal data analysis, which provides the need for AI-based tools to be used for risk factor analysis in ophthalmology. This review summarizes the statistical techniques used to identify various risk factors and the higher benefits that AI techniques provide for AMD-related disease prediction. Additional studies are required to review different techniques for risk factor identification for other ophthalmic diseases like glaucoma, diabetic macular edema, retinopathy of prematurity, cataract, and diabetic retinopathy.

Keywords: age-related macular degeneration; artificial intelligence; deep learning; identifying risk factors; machine learning; personalized care; statistical techniques.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow diagram describing study selection.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Year-wise classification of included articles.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Application of statistical methods concerning the perspective of a clinician.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The classification by percentage of techniques used in included articles.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Applications of artificial intelligence from the perspective of a clinician.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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