Antibacterial, Antioxidant Activities, GC-Mass Characterization, and Cyto/Genotoxicity Effect of Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Latex of Cynanchum acutum L

Abstract

Green synthesis of nanoparticles is receiving more attention these days since it is simple to use and prepare, uses fewer harsh chemicals and chemical reactions, and is environmentally benign. A novel strategy aims to recycle poisonous plant chemicals and use them as natural stabilizing capping agents for nanoparticles. In this investigation, silver nanoparticles loaded with latex from Cynanchum acutum L. (Cy-AgNPs) were examined using a transmission electron microscope, FT-IR spectroscopy, and UV-visible spectroscopy. Additionally, using Vicia faba as a model test plant, the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity effects of crude latex and various concentrations of Cy-AgNPs were studied. The majority of the particles were spherical in shape. The highest antioxidant activity using DPPH was illustrated for CAgNPs (25 mg/L) (70.26 ± 1.32%) and decreased with increased concentrations of Cy-AGNPs. Antibacterial activity for all treatments was determined showing that the highest antibacterial activity was for Cy-AgNPs (50 mg/L) with inhibition zone 24 ± 0.014 mm against Bacillus subtilis, 19 ± 0.12 mm against Escherichia coli, and 23 ± 0.015 against Staphylococcus aureus. For phytochemical analysis, the highest levels of secondary metabolites from phenolic content, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, were found in Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L). Vicia faba treated with Cy-AgNPs- (25 mg/L) displayed the highest mitotic index (MI%) value of 9.08% compared to other Cy-AgNP concentrations (50-100 mg/L) and C. acutum crude latex concentrations (3%). To detect cytotoxicity, a variety of chromosomal abnormalities were used, including micronuclei at interphase, disturbed at metaphase and anaphase, chromosomal stickiness, bridges, and laggards. The concentration of Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L) had the lowest level of chromosomal aberrations, with a value of 23.41% versus 20.81% for the control. Proteins from seeds treated with V. faba produced sixteen bands on SDS-PAGE, comprising ten monomorphic bands and six polymorphic bands, for a total percentage of polymorphism of 37.5%. Eight ISSR primers were employed to generate a total of 79 bands, 56 of which were polymorphic and 23 of which were common. Primer ISSR 14 has the highest level of polymorphism (92.86%), according to the data. Using biochemical SDS-PAGE and ISSR molecular markers, Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L) showed the highest percentage of genomic template stability (GTS%), with values of 80% and 51.28%, respectively. The findings of this work suggest employing CyAgNPs (25 mg/L) in pharmaceutical purposes due to its highest content of bioactive compounds and lowest concentration of chromosomal abnormalities.

Keywords: Cynanchum acutum; ISSR; cytotoxicity; genomic template stability; genotoxicity; latex; silver nanoparticles.

Figure 1

UV–vis spectra of silver nanoparticles synthesized using C. acutum latex extract (Cy-AgNPs); initial AgNO₃ concentration, 1 mM.

Figure 2

(a,b). Transmission electron micrograph of AgNPs synthesized loaded with C. acutum latex (Cy-AgNPs) and histogram of their size distribution.

Figure 3

FTIR spectrum of C. acutum crude latex compared to that of synthesized AgNPs.

Figure 4

Different bioactive constituents in C. acutum Latex and its different nanoparticle concentrations.

Figure 5

Different heavy metals in C. acutum Latex and its different nanoparticle concentrations.

Figure 6

Chart of GC Mass for C. acutum latex.

Figure 7

Antioxidant activity of C. acutum crude latex (3%) and its different AgNP concentrations using DPPH. Bars with different letters indicate significant differences between treatments at p ≤ 0.05. Data are expressed as the mean of three replicates ± SDs.

Figure 8

Antibacterial activity of C. acutum latex and different Cy-AgNP concentrations (25 and 50 mg/L) against different bacterial strains; Cy: 3% C. acutum latex; Std: gentamicin (10 μg) and C: negative control.

Figure 9

Types of mitotic abnormalities resulting from treatments of V. faba root tips with crude latex and Cy-AgNPS concentrations. From (A–F) crude latex, (A) micronucleus at interphase stage, (B) disturbed at metaphase, (C) stickiness at metaphase, (D) ring at metaphase, (E) oblique at metaphase, and (F) star at metaphase. From (G–L) Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L), (G) micronucleus at interphase, (H) non-congression at metaphase, (I) laggard at anaphase, (J) disturbed at anaphase, (K) disturbed at telophase, and (L) diagonal at telophase. (X = 1000.)

Figure 10

Types of mitotic abnormalities resulting from treatments of V. faba root tips with Cy-AgNPs. From (A–F) silver nanoparticles (50 mg/L), (A) binucleated cells at interphase stage, (B) micronucleus at interphase, (C) two groups at metaphase, (D) stickiness at metaphase, € late separation at anaphase, and (F) disturbed at anaphase. From (G–L) Cy-AgNPs (100 mg/L), (G) micronucleus at interphase, (H) macronucleus at interphase, (I) non-congression at metaphase, (J) stickiness at metaphase, (K) bridge at anaphase, and (L) disturbed at anaphase. (X = 1000.)

Figure 11

SDS-PAGE banding pattern protein in treated Vicia faba seeds. M: Marker, 1: control, 2: 3% latex extract, 3: Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L), 4: Cy-AgNPs (50 mg/L), and 5: Cy-AgNPs (100 mg/L).

Figure 12

Banding profiles of ISSR for treated Vicia faba seeds with C. acutum latex and its different concentrations from Cy-AgNPs. M: Marker, 1: control, 2: Crude latex extract (3%), 3: Cy-AgNPs (25 mg/L), 4: Cy-AgNPs (50 mg/L), 5: Cy-AgNPs (100 mg/L).

Figure 13

Latex collection from C. acutum.

Figure 14

Diagrammatic scheme for preparation of chromosomal aberrations slide.