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Review
. 2022 Dec 23;23(1):146.
doi: 10.3390/s23010146.

In-Depth Review of Augmented Reality: Tracking Technologies, Development Tools, AR Displays, Collaborative AR, and Security Concerns

Toqeer Ali Syed  1 , Muhammad Shoaib Siddiqui  1 , Hurria Binte Abdullah  2 , Salman Jan  3   4 , Abdallah Namoun  1 , Ali Alzahrani  1 , Adnan Nadeem  1 , Ahmad B Alkhodre  1
Affiliations
Review

In-Depth Review of Augmented Reality: Tracking Technologies, Development Tools, AR Displays, Collaborative AR, and Security Concerns

Toqeer Ali Syed et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Augmented reality (AR) has gained enormous popularity and acceptance in the past few years. AR is indeed a combination of different immersive experiences and solutions that serve as integrated components to assemble and accelerate the augmented reality phenomena as a workable and marvelous adaptive solution for many realms. These solutions of AR include tracking as a means for keeping track of the point of reference to make virtual objects visible in a real scene. Similarly, display technologies combine the virtual and real world with the user's eye. Authoring tools provide platforms to develop AR applications by providing access to low-level libraries. The libraries can thereafter interact with the hardware of tracking sensors, cameras, and other technologies. In addition to this, advances in distributed computing and collaborative augmented reality also need stable solutions. The various participants can collaborate in an AR setting. The authors of this research have explored many solutions in this regard and present a comprehensive review to aid in doing research and improving different business transformations. However, during the course of this study, we identified that there is a lack of security solutions in various areas of collaborative AR (CAR), specifically in the area of distributed trust management in CAR. This research study also proposed a trusted CAR architecture with a use-case of tourism that can be used as a model for researchers with an interest in making secure AR-based remote communication sessions.

Keywords: augmented reality review; collaborative augmented reality; display and tracking technology; display technologies in augmented reality; trusted augmented reality; virtual reality review.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of AR, VR, and collaborative AR applications, tools, and technologies.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Classification of reviewed papers with respect to tracking, display, authoring tools, application, Collaborative and security.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Augmented reality advancement over time for the last 60 years.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Categorization of augmented reality tracking techniques.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Augmented reality tracking techniques presentation.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Hybrid tracking: inertial and SLAM combined and used in the latest mobile-based AR tracking.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Steps for combining real and virtual content.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Types of augmented reality display technologies.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Stack of development libraries, plug-ins, platforms, and standalone authoring tools for augmented reality development.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Collaborative augmented reality research domains.
Figure 11
Figure 11
A model of blockchain-based trusted and secured collaborative AR system.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Sharing of the real-time environment of CAR tourist app for multiple users [16].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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