Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk by using pressure-driven membrane process

Abstract

In this study, antioxidant (DPPH and metal chelating), DNA cleavage, biofilm, and antimicrobial properties of extracted phenol from the walnut green husk (WGH) and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated. For maximum phenolic compound extraction from the WGH first, the effects of solvent type (deionized water, methanol, n-hexane, acetone, and ethanol), solvent temperature (25-75 °C), and extraction time (0.5-24 h) were optimized. Then to concentrate phenolic compounds a pressure-driven membrane process was used with four different membrane types. The phenol contents of the concentrate samples were found to be microfiltration (MF) concentrate 4400 mg/L, ultrafiltration (UF) concentrate 4175 mg/L, nanofiltration (NF) concentrate 8155 mg/L, and reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate 8100 mg/L. LC-MSMS was used to determine the quantification of phenolic compounds in permeate and concentrate streams. In addition, all of the concentrate samples with high phenol content showed a high antioxidant activity as 100% with MF concentrate, UF concentrate, NF concentrated and RO concentrated. Likewise, concentrate samples were found to have very high antibiofilm activity as 82.86% for NF concentrate againts S. aureus, 85.80% for NF concentrate against P. aureginosa, 80.95% for RO concentrate against S. aureus, and 83.61% for RO-concentrate against P. aureginosa. When the antimicrobial activity of the extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples were evaluated by micro dilution and disk diffusion methods, it was found that the ability of the concentrate samples to inhibit bacterial growth was much higher than permeate ones. In addition, extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples showed significant DNA nuclease activity.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05588-w.

Keywords: Antimicrobial; Antioxidant; Biofilm; Cell viability; DNA cleavage; Membrane process; Phenolic compounds extraction; Walnut green husk.

Fig. 1

Membrane rejection performance for membranes

Fig. 2

DPPH scavenging ability. (1: extracted phenol; 2: MF permeate; 3: MF concentrate 4: UF permeate; 5: UF concentrate 6: NF permeate; 7: NF concentrate; 8: RO permeate; 9: RO concentrate)

Fig. 3

Ferrous chelating ability. (1: extracted phenol; 2: MF permeate; 3: MF concentrate 4: UF permeate; 5: UF concentrate 6: NF permeate; 7: NF concentrate; 8: RO permeate; 9: RO concentrate)

Fig. 4

DNA Cleavage activity of extracted phenol from WGH and its different concentrate and permeate samples. Lane 1: pBR 322 DNA + extracted phenol; Lane 2: pBR 322 DNA + MF permeate of WGH; Lane 3: pBR 322 DNA + MF concentrate of WGH; Lane 4: pBR 322 DNA + UF permeate of WGH; Lane 5: pBR 322 DNA + UF concentrate of WGH; Lane 6: pBR 322 DNA + NF permeate of WGH; Lane 7: pBR 322 DNA + NF concentrate of WGH; Lane 8: pBR 322 DNA + RO permeate of WGH; Lane 9: pBR 322 DNA + RO concentrate of WGH; Lane 10: pBR 322 DNA

Fig. 5

Biofilm inhibition extracted phenol from WGH and its different permeate and concentrate samples. (1: extracted phenol; 2: MF permeate; 3: MF concentrate 4: UF permeate; 5: UF concentrate 6: NF permeate; 7: NF concentrate; 8: RO permeate; 9: RO concentrate)