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. 2022 Dec 22:13:1061293.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1061293. eCollection 2022.

Italian version of the Occupational Depression Inventory: Validity, reliability, and associations with health, economic, and work-life characteristics

Renzo Bianchi  1 , Caterina Fiorilli  2 , Giacomo Angelini  2 , Nicoletta Dozio  3 , Carlo Palazzi  4 , Gloria Palazzi  5 , Benedetto Vitiello  6   7 , Irvin Sam Schonfeld  8
Affiliations

Italian version of the Occupational Depression Inventory: Validity, reliability, and associations with health, economic, and work-life characteristics

Renzo Bianchi et al. Front Psychiatry. .

Abstract

Background: The Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) reflects a new approach to job-related distress centered on work-attributed depressive symptoms. The instrument was developed with reference to the characterization of major depression found in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition. The ODI has been validated in English, French, and Spanish. This study (a) investigated the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI's Italian version and (b) inquired into the nomological network of occupational depression.

Methods: A convenience sample of 963 employed individuals was recruited in Italy (69.9% female; mean age = 40.433). We notably relied on exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis, common-practice confirmatory factor analysis, and Mokken scale analysis to examine our dataset.

Results: Our analyses indicated that the Italian version of the ODI meets the requirements for essential unidimensionality, thus justifying the use of the instrument's total score. The ODI's reliability was excellent. Measurement invariance held across sexes, age groups, and occupations. Occupational depression was negatively associated with general wellbeing and positively associated with a 12-month history of depressive disorder, current antidepressant intake, 12-month sick leave, 6-month physical assault at work, 6-month verbal abuse at work, lack of money for leisure activities, and financial strain in the household.

Conclusions: The ODI's Italian version exhibits robust psychometric and structural properties, suggesting that the instrument can be fruitfully used for addressing job-related distress in Italian-speaking populations. Furthermore, the present study relates occupational depression to important health, economic, and work-life characteristics, including past depressive episodes, antidepressant medication, sickness-related absenteeism, workplace violence, and economic stress.

Keywords: Mokken scale analysis; burnout; economic stress; factor analysis; job-related distress; occupational health; sick leave; workplace violence.

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Conflict of interest statement

GP was employed by LexisNexis. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis of the Occupational Depression Inventory—factor loadings. Target loadings are bolded. OD, general Occupational Depression factor; ANH-SOM, anhedonic-somatic bifactor; DYS, dysphoric bifactor. N = 963 (no missing values); ODI1, anhedonia; ODI2, depressed mood; ODI3, sleep alterations; ODI4, fatigue/loss of energy; ODI5, appetite alterations; ODI6, feelings of worthlessness; ODI7, cognitive impairment; ODI8, psychomotor alterations; ODI9, suicidal ideation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Confirmatory factor analysis of the Occupational Depression Inventory—factor loadings. OD, Occupational Depression factor. N = 963 (no missing values); ODI1, anhedonia; ODI2, depressed mood; ODI3, sleep alterations; ODI4, fatigue/loss of energy; ODI5, appetite alterations; ODI6, feelings of worthlessness; ODI7, cognitive impairment; ODI8, psychomotor alterations; ODI9, suicidal ideation.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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