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Review
. 2023 Mar;80(3):e46-e57.
doi: 10.1161/HYP.0000000000000224. Epub 2023 Jan 9.

Cancer Therapy-Related Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Jordana B Cohen, Nancy J Brown, Sherry-Ann Brown, Susan Dent, Daan C H van Dorst, Sandra M Herrmann, Ninian N Lang, Gavin Y Oudit, Rhian M Touyz; American Heart Association Council on Hypertension; Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology; and Council on the Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease
Review

Cancer Therapy-Related Hypertension: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Jordana B Cohen et al. Hypertension. 2023 Mar.

Abstract

Contemporary anticancer drugs have significantly improved cancer survival at the expense of cardiovascular toxicities, including heart disease, thromboembolic disease, and hypertension. One of the most common side effects of these drugs is hypertension, especially in patients treated with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors, as well as tyrosine kinase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors. Adjunctive therapy, including corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories, as well as anti-androgen hormone therapy for prostate cancer, may further increase blood pressure in these patients. Cancer therapy-induced hypertension is often dose limiting, increases cardiovascular mortality in cancer survivors, and is usually reversible after interruption or discontinuation of treatment. The exact molecular mechanisms underlying hypertension are unclear, but recent discoveries indicate an important role for reduced nitric oxide generation, oxidative stress, endothelin-1, prostaglandins, endothelial dysfunction, increased sympathetic outflow, and microvascular rarefaction. In addition, genetic polymorphisms in vascular endothelial growth factor receptors are implicated in vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor-induced hypertension. Diagnosis, management, and follow-up of cancer therapy-induced hypertension follow national hypertension guidelines because evidence-based clinical trials specifically addressing patients who develop hypertension as a result of cancer therapy are currently lacking. Rigorous baseline assessment of patients before therapy is started requires particular emphasis on assessing and treating cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertension management follows guidelines for the general population, although special attention should be given to rebound hypotension after termination of cancer therapy. Management of these complex patients requires collaborative care involving oncologists, cardiologists, hypertension specialists, primary care professionals, and pharmacists to ensure the optimal therapeutic effect from cancer treatment while minimizing competing cardiovascular toxicities.

Keywords: AHA Scientific Statements; angiogenesis inhibitors; blood pressure; cancer therapy; cardiotoxicity; chemically induced hypertension; hypertension management.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS

JBC, SMH, DCHvD have no conflicts. RMT provided expert opinion to Novartis. NJB serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Alnylam Pharmaceuticals and as a consultant to Pharvaris and ESTAR Bio. GYO has received support from Sanofi-Genzyme, Takeda and Bristol Myers Squibb. NNL has received funding from Roche Diagnostics, Astra Zeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and speaker’s fees/advisory board fees from Roche, Pharmacosmos, Astra Zeneca and Novartis. SD has served on advisory boards of Novartis and Astra Zeneca and has received honoraria from Novartis, Pfizer and Astra Zeneca.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Putative mechanisms whereby major classes of anti-cancer therapies cause hypertension. VEGF, Vascular epidemanl growth factor; VEGFR, VEGF receptor; BTK, Brutons tyrosine kinase; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinases; CD47, Cluster of Differentiation 47; MEK, mitogen-actvated protein kinase kinase.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Practical suggestions for the diagnosis and management of hypertension before, during and after commencing anti-cancer therapy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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