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. 2022 Dec 31;25(4):369-381.
doi: 10.3831/KPI.2022.25.4.369.

Modulation of Inula racemosa Hook Extract on Cardioprotection by Ischemic Preconditioning in Hyperlipidaemic Rats

Arun Kumar Tiwari  1   2 , Pushpraj S Gupta  1 , Mahesh Prasad  2 , Paraman Malairajan  1
Affiliations

Modulation of Inula racemosa Hook Extract on Cardioprotection by Ischemic Preconditioning in Hyperlipidaemic Rats

Arun Kumar Tiwari et al. J Pharmacopuncture. .

Abstract

Objectives: Hyperlipidemia (HL) is a major cause of ischemic heart diseases. The size-limiting effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a cardioprotective phenomenon, is reduced in HL, possibly because of the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). The objective of this study is to see what effect pretreatment with Inula racemosa Hook root extract (IrA) had on IPC-mediated cardioprotection on HL Wistar rat hearts. An isolated rat heart was mounted on the Langendorff heart array, and then ischemia reperfusion (I/R) and IPC cycles were performed. Atractyloside (Atr) is an MPTP opener.

Methods: The animals were divided into ten groups, each consisting of six rats (n = 6), to investigate the modulation of I. racemosa Hook extract on cardioprotection by IPC in HL hearts Sham control, I/R Control, IPC control, I/R + HL, I/R + IrA + HL, IPC + HL, IPC + NS + HL, IPC + IrA+ HL, IPC + Atr + oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, integrity, and hemodynamic parameters are evaluated for each group.

Results: The present experimental data show that pretreatment with IrA reduced the LDH, CK-MB, size of myocardial infarction, content of cardiac collagen, and ventricular fibrillation in all groups of HL rat hearts. This pretreatment also reduced the oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of MPTP opening by Atr diminished the effect of IrA on IPC-mediated cardioprotection in HL rats.

Conclusion: The study findings indicate that pretreatment with IrA e restores IPC-mediated cardioprotection in HL rats by inhibiting the MPTP opening.

Keywords: hyperlipidaemia; ischemic preconditioning; mitochondria; oxidative stress.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The graphical representation of the experimental methodology for distinct groups of animals.
Figure 2
Figure 2
IPC-mediated alterations in coronary flow and heart rate in HL rats were recovered by Inula racemosa. Unless otherwise noted, all data are presented as mean standard deviation (n = 6). There was a significant difference between the control and I/R groups (a, b), the I/R control group (c), and the I/R + HL control group (d). ep < 0.05 in comparison to the IPC control. e,fp < 0.05 compared to IPC control and IPC + HL, respectively. The difference between IPC control and IPC + HL for e,gp was 0.05. There was a statistically significant difference between the IPC control and IPC + HL, and between the IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL (e,hp < 0.05). (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Figure shows how Inula racemosa restored in IPC mediated changes in LVDP, +dp/dtmax, and –dp/dtmax in the hearts of rats with HL. Data are presented as mean standard deviation (n = 6). ap < 0.05 compared with sham control, bp < 0.05 compared with I/R control, cp < 0.05 compared with IR control, c,dp < 0.05 compared with I/R control and I/R + HL, ep < 0.05 compared with IPC control, e,fp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, e,gp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, e,hp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, jp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 4
Figure 4
In HL rat hearts, Inula racemosa reversed IPC-mediated changes in LDH and CKMB. Unless otherwise noted, all data are presented as mean standard deviation (n = 6). I/R control was found to be more effective in terms of ap than sham, while I/R control was found to be more effective in terms of cp and dp than I/R control and I/R + HL. IPC control was found to be more effective in terms of anecdotal evidence, while IPC control and IPC + HL were found to be more effective in terms of objective evidence. When compared to IPC control and IPC + HL, e,h,jp < 0.05 were found to be significantly lower than the IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 5
Figure 5
Pictured here is an infarct-heart-size and ventricular fibrillation-restoration study in HL rats using Inula racemosa as the modality of intervention. Unless otherwise noted, all data are presented as mean standard deviation (n = 6). I/R control was found to be more effective in terms of ap than sham, while I/R control was found to be more effective in terms of cp and dp than I/R control and I/R + HL. IPC control was found to be more effective in terms of anecdotal evidence, while IPC control and IPC + HL were found to be more effective in terms of objective evidence. When compared to IPC control and IPC + HL, e,h,jp < 0.05 were found to be significantly lower than the IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Mitochondrial function (Formazan production) and mitochondrial integrity were both restored by Inula racemosa in HL rat hearts via IPC-mediated changes. Unless otherwise noted, all data are presented as mean standard deviation (n = 6). IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL are both statistically significant, but IPC control and IPC + IrA are not, and IPC control and IPC + IrA are both statistically significant. ap < 0.05 compared with the sham control; bp = 0.01; cp = 0.01; dp = 0.01; ep = 0.01; fp = 0.01; gp = 0.01; hp = 0.01; jp = 0.01; kp = 0.01; lp = 0.01; mp = 0.01; np = 0.01; op = 0.01; pp = 0.01; qp = 0.01; rp = 0.01; stp (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Troponin-T in the heart of HL rats was restored by Inula racemosa after it had been altered by IPC. ap < 0.05 compared with sham control, bp < 0.05 compared with I/R control, cp < 0.05 compared with IR control, c,dp < 0.05 compared with I/R control and I/R + HL, ep < 0.05 compared with IPC control, e,fp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, e,gp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, e,hp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + HL, jp < 0.05 compared with IPC control and IPC + IrA + HL (one way ANOVA followed by Bon-ferroni post hoc test).
Figure 8
Figure 8
Normal, hyperlipidaemic, IrA-treated hyperlipidaemic, and I/R-treated heart histopathology Normal and hyperlipidemia heart histopathological changes, as a result of IPC. A histopathological report of the effects of Hyperlipidaemia on the heart of pretreated IrA, AtR or pretreated IrA and AtR. I/R control shows necrotic changes in myocardial tissue, while sham control shows normal myocardial cell architecture. Myocardial tissue has undergone a regenerative process, according to IPC control. I/R + HL shows necrotic change in tissue architecture, I/R + IrA + HL shows necrotic change in tissue architecture, IPC + HL shows less regenerative change in myocardial tissues, IPC + NS + HL shows less regenerative change in myocardial tissue, IPC + IrA + HL shows more regenerative change in myocardial tissue architecture, IPC + Atr + HL shows necrotic changes in myocardial tissues.
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