Scandium, yttrium, and lanthanide occurrence in Cantharellus cibarius and C. minor mushrooms

Abstract

There is a dearth of data on rare earth elements (REE), yttrium and scandium in foods which extends also to baseline datasets for edible wild mushrooms, though this has started to change in the last decade. Concentrations and shale normalized patterns of REE and Y (REY) were studied by using inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometer in 22 pools (2235 specimens) of Cantharellus cibarius (Golden Chanterelle) collected in Poland and also a pool of C. minor (Small Chanterelle) (153 specimens) from Yunnan (Chinese Province). The total REY plus Sc varied in C. cibarius from 10 to 593 µg kg^-1 dw whereas that for the Yunnan's C. minor was 2072 µg kg^-1 dw. C. minor from Yunnan has higher REY and Sc compared to the C. cibarius. Sc concentrations in twenty C. cibarius pools were below 1 µg kg^-1 dw, but 17 and 27 µg kg^-1 dw were detected at the other two sites and 66 µg kg^-1 dw was detected in C. minor. The median Y content of C. cibarius and C. minor was 22 µg kg^-1 dw and 200 µg kg^-1 dw. The difference in REY and Sc concentrations and shale normalized patterns between mushrooms from Poland and Yunnan seems to reflect the regional difference in concentration and composition of these elements in the soil bedrock.

Keywords: Food safety; Food toxicology; Forest; REE; Rare earths; Wild food.

Fig. 1

Locations of C. cibarius sampling sites in Poland (see Table 2 for id and names of the sites)

Fig. 2

Distribution pattern of REE in C. cibarius and topsoil in Poland (data on REE in topsoil adapted from Dołęgowska et al. 2013), and in C. minor

Fig. 3

NASC-, PAAS-, EUS- and WSH-shale normalized patterns of REY in C. cibarius from the Świetokrzyskie region in Włoszowa, Tatra Mountains in Zakopane, Coastal Landscape Park (Baltic Sea), Augustowska Primeval Forest and from all sites jointly in Poland (based on median concentration values), and in C. minor from Yunnan in China