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. 2023 Jan 9:11:e14609.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.14609. eCollection 2023.

The relationship of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study

Chin-Huan Chang  1 , Shu-Tin Yeh  1 , Seng-Wei Ooi  1 , Chung-Yi Li  2   3   4 , Hua-Fen Chen  1   5
Affiliations

The relationship of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective study

Chin-Huan Chang et al. PeerJ. .

Abstract

Background: The optimal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are not currently clear. In this study, we determined the relationship between various mean LDL-C and all-cause or cardiovascular mortality risks in patients with T2D, stratifying by albumin level, age, sex, and antilipid medication use. We also evaluated the association of LDL-C standard deviation (LDL-C-SD) and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality by type of antilipid medication use.

Methods: A total of 46,675 T2D patients with a prescription for antidiabetic agents >6 months from outpatient visits (2003-2018) were linked to Taiwan's National Death Registry to identify all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The Poisson assumption was used to estimate mortality rates, and the Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the relative hazards of respective mortality in relation to mean LDL-C in patient cohorts by albumin level, age, sex, and antilipid use adjusting for medications, comorbidities, and laboratory results. We also determined the overall, and anti-lipid-specific mortality rates and relative hazards of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality associated with LDL-C-SD using the Poisson assumption and Cox proportional hazard regression model, respectively.

Results: All-cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were the lowest in T2D patients with a mean LDL-C > 90-103.59 mg/dL in the normal albumin group (≥ 3.5 g/dL). Compared to T2D patients with a mean LDL-C > 90-103.59 mg/dL, those with a mean LDL-C ≤ 77 mg/dL had an elevated risk of all-cause mortality in both the normal and lower albumin groups. T2D patients with a mean LDL-C ≤ 90 and > 103.59-119 mg/dL had relatively higher risk of cardiovascular mortality in the normal albumin group, but in the lower albumin group (<3.5 g/dL), any level of mean LDL-C ≤ 119 mg/dL was not significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality. Increased risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were observed in patients with a mean LDL-C ≤ 77 mg/dL in both sexes and in all age groups except in those aged <50 years, a lower mean LDL-C was not associated with cardiovascular mortality. Similarly, patients with an LDL-C-SD <10th and > 90th percentiles were associated with significant risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. In statin users, but not fibrate users, lower and higher levels of mean LDL-C and LDL-C-SD were both associated with elevated risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

Conclusions: The optimal level of LDL-C was found to be >90-103.59 mg/dL in T2D patients. Lower and higher levels of mean LDL-C and LDL-C-SD were associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, revealing U-shaped associations. Further studies are necessary to validate the relationship between optimal LDL-C levels and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes.

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus; Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Mortality.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare there are no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Survival plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)and all-cause mortality.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and all-cause mortality.
Figure 3
Figure 3. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and all-cause mortality with different albumin levels.
Figure 4
Figure 4. Survival plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular mortality.
Figure 5
Figure 5. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular mortality.
Figure 6
Figure 6. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular mortality with different albumin levels.
Figure 7
Figure 7. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and all-cause mortality with different sex.
Figure 8
Figure 8. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular mortality with different sex.
Figure 9
Figure 9. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and all-cause mortality with different age.
Figure 10
Figure 10. Hazard plot of mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and cardiovascular mortality with different age.
Figure 11
Figure 11. Hazard plot of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-standard deviation (LDL-C-SD) and all-cause mortality.
Figure 12
Figure 12. Hazard plot of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-standard deviation (LDL-C-SD) and cardiovascular mortality.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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